Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T08:21:05.585Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Revealing What Is Dear: The Post-Earthquake Iconization of the Dharahara, Kathmandu

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2019

Michael Hutt*
Affiliation:
Michael Hutt (mh8@soas.ac.uk) is Professor of Nepali and Himalayan Studies at SOAS University of London.
Get access

Abstract

On April 25, 2015, central Nepal was struck by a magnitude 7.8 earthquake that killed over 9,000 people and displaced 2.8 million. The image of the Dharahara, a nineteenth-century minaret that collapsed during the quake, quickly became for many Nepalis an iconic representation not only of the disaster but also of a national determination to recover and rebuild. Drawing upon media and literary discourse in the Nepali language, this article asks why the Dharahara tower, rather than the country's severely damaged World Heritage sites, loomed so large in the Nepali imagination in the immediate aftermath of the April 2015 earthquake, and why it became a rallying point for a resurgence of Nepali hill nationalism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Abramson, Daniel. 1999. “Make History, Not Memory.” Harvard Design Magazine 9. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/9/make-history-not-memory (accessed January 19, 2019).Google Scholar
Acharya, Swarup. 2015. “Dharaharale malai nilena” [The Dharahara did not swallow me]. Kantipur, April 30.Google Scholar
Albala-Bertrand, J. M. 1993. Political Economy of Large Natural Disasters: With Special Reference to Developing Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Barthes, Roland. 1964. “The Eiffel Tower.” In A Barthes Reader, ed. Sontag, Susan, 236–50. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Basnet, Smriti. 2016. “Surviving the Fall.” Nepali Times, February 12–18. http://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/Nepali-Times-Buzz/surviving-the-fall-from-Dharara,2865 (accessed April 19, 2019).Google Scholar
Bhattarai, Atul. 2018. “Storeyed Past: The Movement to Rebuild Earthquake-Hit Nepal's Most Iconic Heritage Structure.” Caravan, March, 50–61.Google Scholar
British Library. n.d. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Hodgson Collection in the British Library, London. www.digitalhimalaya/hodgson (accessed April 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Brown, Percy. 1912. Picturesque Nepal. London: Adam and Charles Black.Google Scholar
Chimariya, Santosh. 2015 [2072 b.s.]. “Timro abhav khatkirahnecha” [Your absence will continue to discomfit us]. Setopati, 21 Baisakh.Google Scholar
Dixit, Ajay. 2015. “Tyo seto gagan chuli” [That white sky peak]. Nepal Patrika, May 17.Google Scholar
Elsner, Jas. 2003. “Iconoclasm and the Preservation of Memory.” In Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, eds. Nelson, Robert S. and Olin, Margaret, 209–31. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gautam, Sarala. 2015 [2072 b.s.]. “Dhalyo re ni Dharahara!” [They say the Dharahara fell down!]. Kantipur Koseli, 2 Jeth.Google Scholar
Ghimire, Ravindra. 2016. “Dharaharaka inta damping sait lagindai sarkari adhikari bhanchan: Matlab chaina” [As Dharahara bricks are taken away to a dumping site, a government official says: It doesn't matter]. Online Khabar, May 19. www.onlinekhabar.com/2016/05/429704 (accessed May 21, 2016).Google Scholar
Hamrakura.com. 2016. “Dharahara punanirmanka lagi kosh sthapana” [Fund established for Dharahara reconstruction]. May 1. https://hamrakura.com/news-details/7838/2016-05-01 (accessed April 18, 2019).Google Scholar
Hutt, Michael. 2012. “Singing the New Nepal.Nations and Nationalism 18(2):306–25.10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00512.xGoogle Scholar
Hutt, Michael, and Onta, Pratyoush, eds. 2017. Political Change and Public Culture in Post-1990 Nepal. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Joshi, Satyamohan. 2015. “Euta sanskritik kranti chahieko cha” [A cultural revolution is needed]. Kantipur, May 16.Google Scholar
Kantipur. 2015. “Dharaharabata pachas shav nikaliyo” [Fifty bodies removed from Dharahara]. May 1.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post. 2015. “Cost of Corruption.” August 9.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post. 2016a. “Sketch of To-Be-Built Dharahara Made Public.” August 2.Google Scholar
Kathmandu Post. 2016b. “This Is What New Dharahara Would Look Like.” August 1. http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-08-01/designs-of-new-dharahara-made-public.html (accessed May 6, 2019).Google Scholar
Khadka, Kamansingh. 2015. “Aphaimathi Dharahara khasdai gareko dekhda” [Seeing the Dharahara falling upon me]. Shabda Sanyojan 12(2):293–97.Google Scholar
Lotter, Stefanie. 2018. “Moving Images: Commemorative Tattoo Art in the Aftermath of the Nepal Earthquakes in 2015.” Presentation to the Britain-Nepal Academic Council Nepal Study Day, University of Durham, April 17.Google Scholar
Mahlmann, Heinrich, ed. 1853. Zur erinnerung an die reise des Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen nach Indien in den jahren 18441846 (band 1) [To commemorate the journey of Prince Waldemar of Prussia to India in the years 1844–1846 (vol. 1)]. Berlin: Decker. Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/mahlmann1853bd1/0222 (accessed April 15, 2019).Google Scholar
Medianp.com. 2016. “‘Dharahara’ rastrako parichay ho, janatako sahabhagitama punanirman” [Dharahara is a feature of the nation, reconstruction with public involvement]. http://medianp.com/2016/5/84874.html (accessed June 5, 2016; URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Nagarik News. 2016. “Dharaharama banchepachi: Ghau birsera sapna pachyaundai” [After surviving in the Dharahara: Forgetting wounds, pursuing a dream]. April 23. http://nagariknews.com/breaking-news/story/67897.html (accessed April 23, 2016; URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Nelson, Robert S., and Olin, Margaret. 2003. “Introduction.” In Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, eds. Nelson, Robert S. and Olin, Margaret, 110. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nepal, Kishor. 2015. “Dharaharale phailaeko tras” [The terror spread by the Dharahara]. Kantipur, May 12.Google Scholar
Nepali, Chittaranjan. 1965 –66 [2022 b.s.]. Janaral Bhimsen Thapa ra tatkalin Nepal [General Bhimsen Thapa and the Nepal of that time]. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.Google Scholar
Nyaupane, Damodar. 2016. “Yasto banne cha nayam Dharahara” [This is how the new Dharahara will be built]. Kantipur, August 1.Google Scholar
Nyaupane, Suresh Raj. 2015a. “Kasle banaune Dharahara?” [Who will repair the Dharahara?]. Kantipur, August 3.Google Scholar
Nyaupane, Suresh Raj. 2015b. “Doshi mahanagarpalika” [Guilty city council]. Nepal Patrika, May 11.Google Scholar
Ojha, Anup. 2016. “‘Citizens Fund’ for New Dharahara.” Kathmandu Post, February 17.Google Scholar
Ojha, Anup, and Lama, Sanjaya. 2018. “PM Oli Lays Base for Dharahara amid Cultural Activists’ Protests.” Kathmandu Post, December 27. https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-12-27/pm-oli-lays-foundation-for-dharahara-reconstruction-amid-protest-from-cultural-activists.html (accessed April 18, 2019).Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 1996. “Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters.Annual Review of Anthropology 25:303–28.10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.303Google Scholar
Oliver-Smith, Anthony, and Hoffman, Susanna M.. 2001. “Why Anthropologists Should Study Disasters.” In Catastrophe and Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster, eds. Hoffman, Susanna M. and Oliver-Smith, Anthony, 322. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Paudel, Pushparaj. 2015. “Priya Dharahara” [Dear Dharahara]. Setopati, April 25. http://www.archive.setopati.com/sahityapati/27376 (URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Pelling, Mark, and Dill, Kathleen. 2010. “Disaster Politics: Tipping Points for Change in the Adaptation of Sociopolitical Regimes.Progress in Human Geography 34(1):2137.10.1177/0309132509105004Google Scholar
Phillips, Rachel. 2003. “Settler Monuments, Indigenous Memory: Dis-membering and Re-membering Canadian Art History.” In Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, eds. Nelson, Robert S. and Olin, Margaret, 281304. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pokharel, Harihar. 201516 [2072 b.s.]. Mahabhukampa 2072 [Great earthquake 2072]. Kathmandu: Brother Books.Google Scholar
Prabha, Acharya. 2015. “E mero Dharahara” [Oh my Dharahara]. Setopati, April 26. http://www.archive.setopati.com/sahityapati/27408 (URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Prince, Samuel. 1920. Catastrophe and Social Change. New York: Columbia University.Google Scholar
Rademacher, Anne M. 2009. “Marking Remembrance: Nation and Ecology in Two Riverbank Monuments in Kathmandu.” In Contested Histories in Public Space: Memory, Race, and Nation, eds. Walkowitz, Daniel and Knauer, Lisa Maya, 229–48. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Rana, Brahma Shumshere Jung Bahadur. 2013. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.Google Scholar
Republica. 2016. “Dharahara Reconstruction Campaign in Limbo over Lack of Fund.” March 29.Google Scholar
Sajhasabal. 2016. “Navalparasima 25 lakh kharcha garera banaindai cha yasto Dharahara” [This Dharahara is being built in Nawalparasi at a cost of 25 lakhs]. April 25. http://sajhasabal.com/nawalparasi/news/dharahara-in-nawalparasi/ (URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Sama, Balkrishna. 1972 –73 [2029 b.s.]. Mero kavitako aradhan upasana 2 [My worship of poetry, part 2]. Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan.Google Scholar
Sapkota, Janakraj. 2015. “Dhalyo Dharahara” [The Dharahara has fallen]. Nepal Patrika, May 3.Google Scholar
Setopati. 2016a. “Dharahara chadhnu aghi usle gareko antim myasaj” [The last message he sent before climbing the Dharahara]. April 25.Google Scholar
Setopati. 2016b. “Dharahara's Replica Being Built in Nawalparasi.” April 25. http://setopati.net/society/13408 (accessed April 25, 2016; URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Sharma, Muna. 2014. “Kathmanduko Nau Talle Dharahara from Gorkhali.” Video. YouTube, March 30. https://youtu.be/EYjmOhcMMSE (accessed April 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Sharma, Sanjay. 2015. “Man on Top of Nine-Storey Dharahara Tower in Kathmandu When Earthquake Struck Lives to Tell the Tale of His Survival.” Daily Mail, April 28. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-3059671/Man-atop-nine-storey-Dharahara-tower-Kathmandu-quake-struck-lives-tell-tale-survival.html (accessed May 16, 2016).Google Scholar
Shrestha, Rajkumar, and Poudel, Sridhar. 2015. “Dharaharako inta chorna mahasachivko nirdeshan” [Chief Secretary's instruction to steal Dharahara bricks]. Online Khabar, April 26. http://www.onlinekhabar.com/2015/04/271527 (accessed May 21, 2016).Google Scholar
Shrestha, Siddhicharan. 1974 –75 [2031 b.s.]. Kopila [Flowerbud]. Kathmandu: Harek Nayam Pustak Bhandar.Google Scholar
Shrestha, Siddhicharan. 2016 –17 [2073 b.s.]. Bhimsen Thapa (aitihasik mahakavya) [Bhimsen Thapa (historical epic poem)]. Kathmandu: Nepal Prajna-Pratisthan.Google Scholar
Simpson, Edward. 2013. The Political Biography of an Earthquake: Aftermath and Amnesia in Gujarat, India. London: Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
Sitaula, Devendraprasad. 2015. “Durbal Dharahara durbal netritva” [Weak Dharahara weak leadership]. Annapurna Post, May 1.Google Scholar
Slusser, Mary Shepherd. 1982. Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley. Vol. 1: Text. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
SOAS University of London. n.d. After the Earth's Violent Sway. https://digital.soas.ac.uk/SWAY (accessed April 20, 2019).Google Scholar
Tripathi, Geeta. 2015. “Mahabhukampaka atmavihin anuragharu” [Soulless devotions of the great earthquake]. Madhupark 48(1):4345.Google Scholar
Tripathi, Niru. 2015. “Albida Dharahara” [Farewell Dharahara]. Setopati, April 26. http://www.archive.setopati.com/sahityapati/27394 (URL now defunct).Google Scholar
Ujyaalo Online. 2016. “Dharahara tin varshabhitra banaune” [Dharahara to be built within three years]. April 26. http://ujyaaloonline.com/news/57146/dharahara/ (accessed May 8, 2016).Google Scholar
urrr. 2015. “Nepali Twin Towers: Dharhara [sic] and Sundhara.” Video. YouTube, May 6. https://youtu.be/w_ScCEK05fQ (accessed April 18, 2019).Google Scholar
Walkowitz, Daniel J., and Knauer, Lisa Maya. 2009. “Introduction: Memory, Race, and the Nation in Public Spaces.” In Contested Histories in Public Space: Memory, Race, and Nation, eds. Walkowitz, Daniel and Knauer, Lisa Maya, 127. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.10.1215/9780822391425Google Scholar
Winter, Jay. 1999. “Remembrance and Redemption.” Harvard Design Magazine 9. http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/9/remembrance-and-redemption (accessed January 19, 2019).Google Scholar
Wood, Nancy. 1994. “Memory's Remains: Les Lieux de Mémoire.History and Memory 6(1):123–49.Google Scholar