Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T14:03:44.703Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

II. The Anti-Christian Movement in China, 1922–1927

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Tatsuro  and
Sumiko Yamamoto
Get access

Extract

During the half century before the Communist take-over of 1949, there occurred twice in China a large scale opposition to Christianity: the Boxer Uprising of 1900 and the anti-Christian movement of 1922–1927. Both these movements were crises of East-West contact, and Chinese reactions against foreign culture. They can be understood only in the context of the modern changes in Chinese culture and society. This study of the anti-Christian agitation of 1922–27 seeks to clarify the nature and constituent forces of this movement in the rapidly changing and complicated history of China in the 1920s.

Type
Religion and Modernization in the Far East: A Symposium
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 12 , Issue 2 , February 1953 , pp. 133 - 147
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1953

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 For general accounts, see Latourette, Kenneth ScottA History of Christian Missions in China (London 1929), 694–699Google Scholar. Wen-han, Kiang, The Chinese Student Movement (New York 1948), 60–68, 87–95Google Scholar.

2 Literally, “Youth progress” vol. 50 (February 1922), seen at the Day Missions Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

3 Fei chi-tu chiao hsüeh-shêng t'ung-mêng.

4 Chang Ch'in-shih Kuo-nêi chin shih-nien lai chih tsung-chiao ssû-ch'ao (Religious Thought Movements in China During the Last Decade), cited hereafter as KSTS (Peking 1927), 187–190.

5 Ibid., 193

6 Fei tsung-chiao ta t'ung-mêng.

7 KSTS 193–196.

8 See ibid., 199–207 Weekly Review of the Far East vol. 20, no. 8 (April 22, 1922)Google Scholar.

9 North China Standard. March 31, April 2, 1922. North China Herald (hereafter NCH), April 15, 1922.

10 Chang, C. S., “The Anti-Religion Movement”, Chinese Recorder (hereafter CR), vol. 54, no. 8 (August 1923), 460Google Scholar.

11 “Report on the First Great National Congress of the Chung-kuo shê-hui chu-i ch'ing-nien t'uan”, Hsin Ch'ing-nien (La Jeunesse), vol. 9, no. 6 (July 1922), p. 128Google Scholar.

12 C. S. Chang, 460–461, 467. China Mission Year Book (hereafter CMYB), 1925. 54.

13 Lee, Y. L., “The Anti-Christian Movement in Canton”, CR vol. 56, no. 4 (April 1925), 220–221Google Scholar.

14 Fei chi-tu chiao t'ung-mêng.

15 KSTS 476–481.

16 Pao, Shun, December 26, 1924, 11Google Scholar. CMYB, 1925. 55Google Scholar.

17 Jointly compiled by Chung-kuo ch'ing-nien she (China Youth Society) and Fei chitu chiao t'ung-mêng (Anti-Christian Federation), (Shanghai 1924, reprinted 1925) seen at the Library of Congress; English translation: The Anti-Christian Movement—A Collection of Papers originally issued by the Anti-Christian Movement and translated for the Student Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations of China—(Shanghai 1925, 2nd edition), seen at the Foreign Missions Library of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. (New York).

18 Supplement of the Min-kuo jih-pao (die Republican Daily News), issued weekly from August 19th to December 25th, 1924 and fortnightly in 1925.

19 Shen, T. L., “A Study of the Anti-Christian Movement,” CR. vol. 56, no. 4 (April 1925), 231Google Scholar.

20 NCH, January 3, 1925, 9; January 10, 1925, 41–42, 44–45Google Scholar. Shun Pao, December 25, 1924, 11Google Scholar.

21 Fei chi-tu chiao (Anti-Christianity) (hereafter FCTC) seen at die Library of Congress, no. 1 (November 1925), 4, 5 (December 1925); see especiallẏ the articles “The Mission of this Publication,” 1–2; “An appeal to the Students dismissed from Mission Schools because of their activity concerning die May 30 Movement”, 6–10; “The Anti-Christian Movement in the Wu-ch'ang and Hankow region during the last six months”, 54–55. See also T. L. Shen, 231. Ward, H. F., “China's Anti-Christian Movement”, The Christian Century. 43 (April 15, 1926)Google Scholar.

22 For the resolution of Ch'uan-kuo hsüeh-sheng tsung hui KSTS 395–400.

23 “Foundation Statement of the Shanghai Fei chi-tu chiao ta t'ung-mêng”, FCTC, no. 5 (December 1925)» 61–62. “Requests to the Shanghai Fei chi-tu chiao ta t'ungmêng”, ibid., 70–73.

24 NCH April 9, 65; May 14, 284; May 7, 242; May 21, 325; July 9, 53; August 6, 234; September 3, 398; September 17, 480; all in 1927.

25 China Christian Year Book (hereafter CCYB) 1928, 9. CR vol. 58, no. 2, (February 1927), editorial, 80Google Scholar.

26 CCYB, 1928, 11, 115, 155, 156, 158Google Scholar. China News issued weekly during the China crisis by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1–5 (April 12-May 10, 1927).

28 Shih, Hu, “The Literary Revolution in China” in China To-day Through Chinese Eyes (London 1923, 2nd ed.), 54–85Google Scholar. DeFrancis, John, Nationalism and Language Reform in China (Princeton, 1950), 55–84Google Scholar.

29 KSTS, 183.

30 Kiang, W. H., op. cit., 58. Ph. de Vargas, “The Religious Problems in the Chinese Renaissance”, International Review of Missions, vol. 15, no. 57 (January 1926), 3–20Google Scholar.

31 Ts'ai Chieh-min hsien-shêng yen-hsing lu (Articles and Lectures of Ts'ai Yüan-p'ei) (Peking 1920), 45–49Google Scholar.

32 Tu-hsiu wen-ts'un (A collection of Ch'en Tu-hsiu's works) (Shanghai 1922), 417–430, 659–662Google Scholar.

33 Chu Chih-hsin wen-ts'un (A Collection of Chu Chih-hsin's works) (Shanghai, 2nd ed. 1927), 391–408Google Scholar.

34 KSTS. pp. 51–185.

35 KSTS, pp. 193–194.

36 KSTS, PP. 196–199.

37 North China Standard, April 2, 1922.

38 CR vol. 54, No. 8 (August 1923), pp. 463–464Google Scholar.

40 North China Standard, March 31, April 1, 1922Google Scholar.

41

42 KSTS p. 199. North China Standard, April 1, 1922Google Scholar.

43 Che-hsüeh (Philosophia), 6 (June 1922), pp. 1–14Google Scholar.

44 Personal talk with Dr. Hu Shih.

45 C. S. Chang, op. cit., 459.

46 Cf. notes 17. 21.

47 China Continuation Committee, The Christian Occupation of China—A general survey of the numerical strength and geographical distribution of the Christian forces in China 1918–21—(Shanghai 1922)Google Scholar.

48 Hsin chiao-yü (The new education), vol. 4, no. 3 (March 1922)Google Scholar. Wieger, Léon, Chine Moderne. 3 (Hien-hien 1931), 76–79Google Scholar.

50 KSTS pp. 271–272. Tsao, H. C., “The Nationalise Movement and Christian Education”, CCYB 1928, 175Google Scholar.

51 KSTS, 305–338.

52 (1) The Fifth Annual Conference of the Young China Association, held at Nanking in July. (2) The Third Annual Conference of the National Association for me Advancement of Education, held at Nanking in July. (3) The Sixth National Conference of the Students' Union, held at Shanghai in August. (4) The Tenth Joint Meeting of the Provincial Educational Associations of China, held at Kai-feng in October.

53 Wieger, L., op. cit., 5 (1924), 134–159Google Scholar.

54 Peake, C. H., Nationalism and Education in China (New York 1932)Google Scholar. Webster, James B., Christian Education and the National Consciousness in China (New York 1923)Google Scholar. Gregg, Alice H., China and Educational Autonomy (Syracuse 1946), 114–142Google Scholar. Chung-kuo chin-tai chiao-yü chih-tu (Educational system in modem China), 159–164. High, Stanley, The New crisis in the Far East—Christianity and Opposing Forces—(New York 1932) pp. 72–80Google Scholar.

55 Y. L. Lee, op. cit., 221.

56 Zia, N. Z., “The Anṙi-Christian Movement in China,” CMYB 1925, pp. 51–60Google Scholar.

57 KSTS 395–400.

58 FCTC 4 (December 1925), pp. 56–58Google Scholar. See the papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, deposited in the Harvard College Library, The Correspondence and papers received by the American Board (Hereafter ABC) Foochow Mission, vol. 18, doc. 239, “The Fuchien Student Union's Announcement.”

59 ABC, Foochow Mission, vol. 20, doc. 293 (received February 3, 1926)Google Scholar.

60 KSTS, pp. 370–371.

61 KSTS. pp. 372–376. ABC, Foochow Mission, vol. 20, doc. 248.

62 FCTC, no. 4 (December 1925), pp. 46–47Google Scholar.

63 Y. L. Lee, op. cit., 222–223. T. L. Shen, op. cit., 229. Lee, E. J., “University Clubs and the Anti-Christian Movement”, CR vol. 56, no. 6 (June 1925), 358Google Scholar.

64 Y. L. Lee, op. cit., 222. L. Wieger, op. cit., vol. 3, 83.

65 Miao, C. S., “Current Religious Thought” CCYB 1926, 41Google Scholar. Y. L. Lee, op. cit., 223.

67 FCTC No. 5 (December 1925), p. 63Google Scholar.

68 ABC, Foochow Mission, vol. 20, doc. 251. “The American Board's view of its China situation, March 28, 1927Google Scholar.

69 KSTS, 401–405.

70 L. Wieger, op. cit., vol. 5, 211–232. FCTC. No. 1 (November 1925), 2–5Google Scholar; 4 (December 1925), 54–55; 5 (December 1925), 61–62, etc.

71 ABC, Foochow Mission, vol. 20, doc. 287.

72 ABC, Foochow Mission, vol. 19, doc. 395.

73 ABC, North China Mission, vol. 46, doc. 78.

74 North China Standard. March 1, 3, 8, 1922Google Scholar. NCH April 1, 1922Google Scholar.

75 KSTS, 187–188.

76 C. S. Chang, op. cit., 459.

77 KSTS 190–193.

78 Kuo Chan-po Chin wu-shih nien chung-kuo ssu-hsiang shih (History of Chinese Thought during the Last Fifty Years), 101.

79 ABC, North China Mission, vol. 38, doc. 4, “Paotingu station General Work Report for 1922 (by H. W. Robinson).

80 Kiang, op. cit., 78. MacNair, H. F., “Present Tendencies in China,” CMYB 1923, 8Google Scholar.

81 KSTS 196.

82 NCH, April 22, 1922Google Scholar.

83 NCH, April 15, 1922Google Scholar.

84 L. Wieger, op. cit., vol. 5, 211–232.

85 .

86 Lee, Frank, “Communism and the Anti-Christian Movement”, CR, vol. 56, no. 4 (April 1925), 234Google Scholar.

87 Shun Pao, December 21, 1924Google Scholar.

88 .

89 NCH, January 3, 1925, p. 9Google Scholar.

90 See for example, Hongkong Hsüeh-sheng. (The Hongkong Students) for which the center of correspondence was in Canton University, Nos. 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 (September 1925, January through May 1926); especially No. 8, 35. Seen at the Library of Congress.

91 “Evangelism and American Imperialism,” FCTC, 4 (December 1925), 48–51. NCH, January 10, 1925Google Scholar.

92 Hsin Ch'isg-nien. vol. 9, no. 16 (July 1922), 128Google Scholar.

93 CR. vol. 56, no. 4 (April 1925), 223.

94 Yamamoto, Sumiko, “Social Character of the Boxer Rebellion”, Shikan 33 (April 1950), 45–61Google Scholar.

95 National Christian Council, Annual and Biennial Reports, 1924–1925 (Shanghai), 164. L. Wieger, op. cit., vol. 3, 82–83. Cf. note 10.

96 CR, vol. 56, no. 2 (February 1925), 73Google Scholar. NCH. April 22, 1922Google Scholar.

97 Rawlinson, Frank, Revolution and Religion in Modem China—A Brief Study of the Effects of Modern Revolutionary Movements in China on its Religious Life (Shanghai 1929), pp. 49–82Google Scholar. L. Wieger, op. cit., vol. 5, 66–119.

98 North China Standard, April 1, 2, 1922Google Scholar. Porter, L. C., China's Challenge to Christianity (New York 1924), 140–178Google Scholar.