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³ Winans, Joseph W., The Days of 1849: Statement of Recollections on the days of 1849–52 in California (1878), 19Google Scholar. Bancroft C-D 178. Quoted with permission.

⁴ Starr, Kevin, Americans and the California Dream 1850–1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 126–41, 163–64, 192–94Google Scholar; Carr, Ezra S., The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast (San Francisco, 1875), 295Google Scholar; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Report on the Productions of Agriculture… Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1883), 25.Google Scholar

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⁶ The tensions of the seventies are well covered in a number of works including Bean, Walton E., California: An Interpretive History (2nd edn., New York, 1973), 219–43Google Scholar; Cross, Ira B., History of the Labor Movement in California (Berkeley, 1935)Google Scholar; Saxton, Alexander P., The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley, 1971)Google Scholar; Taylor, Paul S., “Foundations of California Rural Society,” CAH, 24 (1945). especially 202–26.Google Scholar

⁷ Figures for income personally compiled from a full survey of the manuscript schedules of the Internal Revenue Assessment lists for California, 1863–66. Wealth does not, of course, depend entirely upon income. May, Dean L. and Soltow, Lee, “The Distribution of Mormon Wealth and Income,” Explorations in Economic History, 16 (1979), 162Google Scholar suggest that in the frontier community they studied an increase in income of ten percent was associated with an 18 percent increase in wealth. Conversely wealth decreased by ten percent when income decreased by 5·5.

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¹⁰ Figures in Table 1 compiled from Doherty, Robert, Society and Power: Five New England Towns 1880–1860 (Amherst, 1977), 46–47Google Scholar, for Northampton, Pelham, Salem, Ware and Worcester; Campbell, Randolph B. and Lowe, Richard G., Wealth and Power in Antebellum Texas (College Station, 1977), 132Google Scholar, for four Texas towns, Austin, Galveston, Houston and San Antonio; Soltow, Lee, Men and Wealth in the United States 1850–1870 (New Haven, 1975), 99Google Scholar, for Northern US, Southern US, All US; full personal survey of population schedules, eighth census of the US for northern California; Pessen, , Riches, Class, and Power, 34, 36, 39Google Scholar, for Boston, Brooklyn and New York; Gallman, Robert E., “Trends in the Size Distribution of Wealth in the Nineteenth Century: Some Speculations,” in Soltow, (ed.), Six Papers in the Size Distribution of Wealth and Income (New York, 1969), 22–23Google Scholar, for Baltimore, New Orleans, and St. Louis; Soltow, , Patterns of Wealthholding in Wisconsin since 1850 (Madison, 1971), 5, 66Google Scholar, for Milwaukee County; Blumin, Stuart, “Mobility and Change in Ante-Bellum Philadelphia,” in Thernstrom, Stephan and Sennett, Richard, Nineteenth-Century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (New Haven, 1969), 204Google Scholar for Philadelphia. See also Burchell, Robert A., “Opportunity and the Frontier: Wealth-Holding in Twenty-six Northern California Counties, 1848–1880,” The Western Historical Quarterly, 18 (1987), especially 177–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹ Doherty, , op. cit., 46–47Google Scholar, for Northampton, Pelham, Salem, Ware and Worcester; Wright, Gavin, The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1978), 26Google Scholar, for Cotton South, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin; Curti, Merle, The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County (Stanford, 1959), 78Google Scholar, for Eleven Vermont towns and Trempeleau County, Wisconsin; Blackburn, George and Ricards, Sherman L. Jr., “A Demographic History of the West: Manistee County, Michigan, 1860,” Journal of American History, 57 (1970), 613CrossRefGoogle Scholar, for Manistee County, Michigan; personal survey of the schedules of the ninth census of population for Colusa, Solano, Tehama and Yolo counties, California; Klingaman, David, “Individual Wealth in Ohio in 1860,” in Klingaman, and Vedder, Richard K., Essays in Nineteenth Century Economic History: The Old Northwest (Athens OH, 1975), 504Google Scholar, for Athens, Brookfield, Canfield, Tallmadge, Warren, Youngstown; Soltow, , Men and Wealth, 99Google Scholar, for Northern, Southern and All US; Blumin, , “Mobility and Change,” 204, for Philadelphia.Google Scholar

¹² Figures from Soltow, , Men and Wealth, 99Google Scholar; Kearl, J. R., Pope, L., and Wimmer, Larry T., “Household Wealth in a Settlement Economy: Utah, 1850–1870,” Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 484CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and from a full personal survey of the schedules of the ninth census of population.

¹³ Groege, Henry, “What the Railroads Will Bring Us,” in Hale, Dennis and Eisen, Jonathan, The California Dream (New York, 1968), 22Google Scholar. Originally published in “The Overland Monthly,” 10, 1868.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Figures in Table 4 personally compiled from a full survey of the schedules of population, ninth census, California.

¹⁵ Figures for the Chinese population from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Compendium of the Tenth Census. Part I (Washington, D.C., 1883), 337–38.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Figures in Table 5 personally compiled from a full survey of the schedules of population, ninth census, California, for the counties cited.

¹⁷ Figures in Table 6 personally compiled from a full survey of the schedules of population, ninth census, California.

¹⁸ Pressly, Thomas J. and Scofield, William H. (eds.), Farm Real Estate Values in the United States by Counties, 1850–1959 (Seattle, 1965), 68.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Figures personally compiled from a full survey of the assessment Rolls, City of Sacramento, 1865, 1869. Originals in the County Historical Society, Sacramento.

²⁰ Figures personally compiled from a full survey of the assessment Rolls, Butte County, 1867, 1876–77. Originals in the Chico State University Library.

²¹ Figures personally compiled from a full survey of the assessment Rolls, El Dorado County, 1869. Originals in Huntington Library.

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²³ Figures personally compiled from a full survey of the assessment Rolls, Marin County, 1874–75. Originals in the Marin County Historical Society Library, San Rafael.

²⁴ Figures personally compiled from a full survey of the assessment Rolls, Napa County, 1866, 1875. Originals in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

²⁵ Hitchcock, Ruth Hughes, Leaves of the Past 1828–1880: A Pioneer Register, including an overview of the history and events of early Tehama County (Chico, 1980), 594.Google Scholar

²⁶ Some of the debate over “equalization” can be followed in “Report of the State Board of Equalization. For the Years 1872 and 1873,” 4–5Google Scholar, in Appendix to the Legislative Journals, Twentieth Session, 2 (Sacramento, 1874)Google Scholar, and “Biennial Report of the State Board of Equalization for the Years 1876 and 1877,” 5–11Google Scholar, in Appendix to the Legislative Journals, Twenty-Second Session, 3 (Sacramento, 1878).Google Scholar

²⁷ Data compiled from the tables published in the Sacramento Daily Union, 1, 8, 15, 22, 02 1873Google Scholar, and in the San Francisco Chronicle, 28, 30, 31 10, 1, 3, 4, 6, 13, 14, 17, 19, 28 11 1873.Google Scholar

²⁸ Data from many sources including the census, directories, county histories, biographical collections in the Bancroft Library, the California Historical Society library, the library of the Society of California Pioneers, the State Library, Sacramento, the Huntington Library.

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