Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-25T06:28:05.508Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Crispe Family and the African Trade in the Seventeenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

Extract

Nicholas Crispe (1598–1666) played a very important part in the developing of English trading contacts with West Africa in the seventeenth century. He obtained a commanding position within the African company in 1628 and did much to secure the company's reconstitution on a sounder basis in 1631. From 1631 until 1644 Crispe was the driving force behind the trade and, in particular, directed and largely financed the successful English entry into the gold trade of the Gold Coast, where permanent English factories with resident traders were established for the first time and a fort was started at Kormantin. After the Restoration he tried to regain his former position, but was unsuccessful, though his membership of the Company of Adventurers did give him some influence on the trade. Other members of the family were also involved in the African trade, sometimes in a significant way, over the same period.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1968

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Dictionary of National Biography (D.N.B.); Biographia Britannica; Characters of Eminent Citizens, quoted in the above.

2 Calendar of State Papers (C.S.P.), (Colonial), 15741660, 07 1625.Google Scholar

3 Scott, W. R., The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720, 11 (Peter Smith, New York, 1951; originally published 1910-1912), 11Google ScholarCarr, C. T., Select Charters of Trading Companies, 1530–1707 (Quaritch, London, 1913), 99.Google ScholarCambridge History of the British Empire (hereafter C.H.B.E.), 438.Google Scholar

4 Blake, J. W., ‘The farm of the Guinea trade in 1631,’ in Cronne, H. A. and others, Essays in British and Irish History (London, 1949), 92.Google Scholar

5 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 25 05 1650, p. 339. State papers (S.P.), (Col.), xi, 15.Google ScholarBlake, , op. cit. 101.Google Scholar

6 Zook, G. F., The Company of Royal Adventurers (reprinted from The Journal of Negro History, iv, (2) (04 1919), 6.Google ScholarC.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, under 1621. S.P. (Dom.), James I, cxxiv, 115, and C.S.P. (Dom.), 1619–23, p. 330,Google Scholar quoted in Scott, op. cit. 12. Blake, , op. cit. 94, 103.Google Scholar

7 Blake, , op. cit. 92–3.Google Scholar

8 Ibid. 93–4. House of Commons Journals, 1 (1624), 710.

9 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1619–23, 8 05 1622.Google Scholar

10 S.P. (Dom.), Jas. I, CLXV, quoted in Carr, , op. cit. 99 (n. 2). House of Commons Journals, 1 (1624), 710, 771, 793.Google ScholarScott, , op. cit. 13.Google ScholarCarr, , op. cit. 99.Google Scholar

11 Blake, , op. Cit. 91, 93.Google Scholar

12 Ibid. 93–6.

13 See note 2 above.

14 Blake, , op. cit. 90.Google Scholar

15 Blake, , op. cit. 100, 101.Google Scholar

16 S.P., Chas. I, 154, p. 42. C.S.P. (Dom.), 1629–3,, p. 131.Google Scholar

17 Blake, , op. cit. 98.Google Scholar

18 See note 16 above.

19 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1629–31, Dec. 1629.Google Scholar

20 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1629–31, 08. 1629. C.S.P. Col.), 1574–1660, 04. 1630. C.H.B.E. 155.Google ScholarBlake, , op, cit. 102.Google Scholar

21 Blake, , op. cit. 99, 103.Google Scholar

22 Ibid. 98, 102.

23 See note 20 above.

24 Blake, , op. cit. 103.Google Scholar

25 Ibid. 99–100 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1625–49 (addenda), 26 May 1631, p. 725. Scott, op. cit. 15.

26 Blake, , op. cit. 103–4.Google Scholar

27 Furley Papers (hereafter F.P.) in the Balme Library, University of Ghana; Blue Notebooks, 1624–38 book, pp. 111–15 1635–55 book, Swedish replies to English complaints. (See note, p. 77, on the Furley Papers.) Blake, , op. cit. 88.Google Scholar

28 Biographia Britannica.

29 Zook, op. cit. ch. i. Scott, , op. cit. 14.Google ScholarCarr, , op. cit. xliv, 99.Google ScholarBlake, , op. cit. 91, 96, 104–5.Google ScholarC.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 22 11. 1631. C.S.P. (Dom.) 1629–31, under 1631.Google Scholar

30 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 25 05 1650, p. 339.Google ScholarScott, , op. cit. 14.Google Scholar

31 Blake, , op. cit. 94.Google ScholarC.H.B.E. 438. Carr, op. cit. xliv, quoting Patent Rolls, 12 Chas. I, part xxiv.Google Scholar

32 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1640, p. 525.Google Scholar

33 C.H.B.E. 155.Google Scholar

34 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1629–31, under 1631.Google Scholar

35 Blake, , op. cit. 88.Google ScholarF.P., 1624–38 book, p. 115. See note 31 (Carr ref.) above.Google Scholar

36 F.P., 1624–38 book, p. 96.Google Scholar

37 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 25 05 1650, p. 339.Google Scholar

38 F.P., 1624–38 book, pp. 111–15.Google Scholar

39 F.P., 1639–45 book, pp. 55, 56, and letter of 19 03. 1640; 1653–55 book, 18th complaint of the English Company.Google Scholar

40 F.P., 1624–38 book, p. 118 and letter of 02. 1634.Google Scholar

41 F.P., 1624–38 book, p. 115 and letter of May 1634.

42 Ibid. letter of Feb. 1634.

43 Ibid. p. 162 and letter of 7 July 1633.

44 Ibid. letter of Feb. 1634.

45 See note 31 above.

46 Zook, op. cit. Crispe refs.

47 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1636–37, 21 11. 1636, p. 204.Google Scholar

48 SirNicholas, Crispe, Petition to the House of Commons, British Museum reference 1669 F. 26 (27).Google Scholar

49 F.P., 1639–45 book, letters of 4 04 and 17 12. 1640, 6 09. 1641, 19 04 1642 and 25 05 1643.Google Scholar

50 Ibid. 55.

51 F.P., 1624–38 book, letter of 07 1639.Google Scholar

52 F.P., 1639–45 book, letters of 6 09. 1641, 25 07 1643 and 21 12. 1645; 1646–47 book, letters of 2 04. 1646 and 17 08. 1647.Google Scholar

53 F.P., 1639–45 book, De Groot's Protest of 26 08. 1640.Google Scholar

54 Ibid. letter of 17 Dec. 1640.

55 Ibid. letter of 27 Oct. 1640.

56 The Case of Sir John and Mr Charles Crisp, grandsons [sic] of Sir Nicholas Crisp. In Relation to the Forts and Castles of Africa. British Museum reference 8223 e 4. House of Commons Journals, XI, 542; xii, 166; xvi, 180.Google ScholarCrisp, E., Collections Relating to the Family of Crispe, 1 (London, 1882), 32; the will of Sir Nicholas. See note 48 above.Google Scholar

57 Blake, , op. cit. 99100.Google ScholarScott, , op. cit. 15.Google ScholarCarr, , op. cit. xliv (n.5). C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 27 11. 1636.Google Scholar

58 C.S.P. (Col), 1574–1660, 4 05 1638.Google Scholar

59 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 11 11. 1637, p. 259.Google ScholarC.S.P. (Dom.), 1636–37, 11 11. 1637, pp. 533–4.Google Scholar

60 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 5, 6 and 14 05 1638.Google ScholarC.S.P. (Dom.), 1736–38, p. 417.Google Scholar

61 Characters of Eminent Citizens, op. cit.

62 See note 48 above.

63 D.N.B.; Characters of Eminent Citizens, op. cit.

64 Zook, op. cit. ch. 1.

65 House of Commons Journals, xvi 180.Google Scholar

66 D.N.B.

68 S.P., Chas. I, DXL., 368. Carr, op. cit. xlv.Google Scholar

69 Sainsbury, E. B., A Calendar of the Court Minutes of the East India Company (Oxford, 1922), 1644–49 volume. References to the Crispes.Google Scholar

70 D.N.B.

71 Carr, , op. cit. xlv, quoting S.P. (Dom.), Chas. I, DXL, 368.Google Scholar

72 F.P., 1639–45 book, letter of 25 07 1643.Google Scholar

73 F.P., 1639–45 book, letter of 3 12. 1644.Google Scholar

74 Ibid. 205–1 and entry in journal for 15 Dec. 1645.

75 Carr, op. cit. xlv, quoting S.P. (Dom.), Chas. I, DXL 376. D.N.B.Google Scholar

76 Treasury documents in the P.R.O., T. 70/169, Thomas Crispe's deposition of 1655.

77 See note 48 above.

78 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 25 05 1650, p. 339.Google Scholar

79 F.P., 1639–45 book, letters of 1 01., 27 05 and as 12. 1645; 1646–47 book, letter of 18 03. 1647. See note 52 above.Google Scholar

80 F.P., Takoradi: 1639–45 book, entry in journal for 15 12. 1645; 1646–47 book, entry in journal for 23 10. 1646; 1653–55 book, sworn statements of 11. 1655.Google ScholarAccra: 1646–47 book, p. 50 and letters of 2 07. 1646, 26 09. 1647 and 17 10. 1647; 1648–52 book, p. 196.Google ScholarArdra: 1646–47 book, letter of 1 06 1646. Cape Coast: 1646–47 book, letters of 18 03., 3 07 and 17 10. 1647. Winneba: 1648–52 book, Protest from John Valkenburg (1650) and entry for 30 05 1652 in Dammaert's Journal (see also C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 25 05 1650, PP. 331 and 339).Google ScholarOthers: 1646–47 book, letters of 17 10. and 26 09. 1647.Google Scholar

81 Blake, , op. cit. 87.Google Scholar

82 C.H.B.E.438–9, quoting P.R.O., Interregnurn Entry Book, 1651, 1, 65.Google Scholar

83 E. Crisp, op. cit. vols. 1 and 2.

84 See note 80 (Cape Coast) above.

85 F.P., 1648–52 book, pp. 106ff.;Google Scholar 1653–55 book, Swedish reply to the 5th English complaint. C.S.P. (Col.), 1661–68, par. 467.Google Scholar

86 F.P., 1653–55 book, Swedish reply to 6th, 7th and 8th English complaints. T. 70/169, T. Crispe's depositions of 1655, 1664 and 1685.

87 See note 86 above. F.P., 1653–55 book, sworn statements of 11. 1655.Google Scholar

88 F.P., 1648–52 book, pp. 93–4, Treaty between Carloff and Bodema, King of Effutu.Google Scholar

89 Ibid. entry for 19 Nov. 1652 in Dammaert's Journal. S.P., Chas. II, 84, 178.

90 Zook, op. cit. 7, quoting Dammaert's Journal (1652–56, General State Archives, The Hague; incomplete copy in F.P., 1648–52 and 1653–55 books).

91 T. 70/169, Crispe's, T. depositions of 1655, 1664 and 1685.Google Scholar

92 Bonnassieux, L. J. P. M., Les Grandes Compagnies de Commerce (Paris, 1892), 90, n. 3.Google Scholar

93 C.S.P. (Dom.), 1652–53, 4 03. 1653, p. 198.Google Scholar

94 See note 91 above.

95 Crisp, E., op. cit. I, 41.Google Scholar

96 C.S.P. (Col.), 1574–1660, 10 12. 1649, 12 04. 1650 and 25 05 1650.Google Scholar

97 See note 82 above.

98 C.S.P. (Cot.), 1574–1660, 9 04. 1651.Google Scholar

99 Donnan, E., Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to Amerua, 1 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1930), 82.Google Scholar

100 C.H.B.E. 439.Google Scholar

101 F.P., 2653–55 book, entry for 27 07 1655 in Dammaert's Journal.Google Scholar

102 D.N.B.

103 Donnan, , op. cit. I, 170.Google Scholar

104 D.N.B. and see note 48 above.

105 D.N.B.

106 Sainsbury, , op. cit. 1660–63 volume, 11 10. 1662 and passim.Google Scholar

107 Carr, , op. cit. 172.Google ScholarZook, , op. cit. 36–8.Google ScholarDonnan, , op. cit. 80 ff., 164–70.Google Scholar

108 Sainsbury, , op. cit. 1660–63 volume, 16 10. 1662.Google Scholar

109 Zook, op. cit. Crispe ref.

110 See note 56 (‘The Case of…’).

111 Zook, op. cit. Crispe ref.

112 Ibid.

113 Carr, , op. cit. 177.Google Scholar

114 T. 70/75, 03. 1663, 05 1664, 01. 1664, 01. 1666.Google Scholar

115 T. 70/75, 03. 1664.Google Scholar

116 T. 70/75, 15 08. 1664.Google Scholar

117 T. 70, Account books of 1663–64.

118 See note I above.

119 D.N.B.; Crisp, E., op. cit. vols. I and 2, passim.Google Scholar

120 See note 56, E. Crisp ref.

121 See note 117 above.

122 T. 70/75, 27 Apr. 1665.

123 T. 70/75, Jan. 1667, Jan. 1668, Jan. 1668, Dec. 1671.

124 T. 70/75, Mar. 1666, Jan. 1668, Jan. 1671

125 T. 70/75, 4 Sept. 1671.

126 Carr, , op. cit. 188.Google Scholar

127 T. 70/75, Oct. 1672.

128 Davies, K. G., The Royal African Company (Longmans, 1957), 380.Google Scholar

129 See note 56 (‘The Case of…’).

130 T. 70/1442, Nov. 1694.

131 T. 70/1446, June 1721, July 1722. T. 70/7, letters of 28 Oct. 1721 and 31 Aug. 1722.

132 T. 70/96, under 29 Jan. 1745.

133 T. 70/144, minutes of 13 Oct. 1756.