Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-v5vhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-23T21:43:53.718Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Populism and the print media: the case of Japan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2022

Gill Steel Open the ORCID record for Gill Steel [Opens in a new window]  and
Natsuki Kohama
Gill Steel*
Affiliation:
Doshisha University: Doshisha Daigaku, Kyoto, Japan
Natsuki Kohama
Affiliation:
Doshisha University: Doshisha Daigaku, Kyoto, Japan
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gsteel@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Japan has experienced many of the factors associated with populism, but has not experienced an upsurge of populism in national-level politics. We posit that the dominant frames in the Japanese print media coverage of populism form a crucial and overlooked part of the explanation for the absence of populism. Our qualitative human-coded analysis of quality and tabloid coverage demonstrates that overall, the Japanese newspapers act as gatekeepers and set an agenda that is unfavorable for right-wing populism. The press engage in ‘media populism’ and frame populism – and alternatives to the status quo more generally – as a threat. Moreover, the print media are not hostile to immigrants in ways that populists could leverage.

Keywords

Agenda-settingpopulismprint media
Type
Research Article
Information
Japanese Journal of Political Science , Volume 23 , Issue 4 , December 2022 , pp. 363 - 387
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abe, Y (2015) The nuclear power debate after Fukushima: a text-mining analysis of Japanese newspapers. Contemporary Japan 27, 89–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akkerman A, Mudde C and Zaslove, A (2014) How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies 47, 1324–1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertazzi, D and McDonnell, D (2008) Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asahi Shinbunsha media bijinesu-kyoku [Asahi Shimbun Media Business Department] (2022) Asahi shinbun baitai shiryo DATA FILE Kokoku Asahi [Asahi Shimbun Media Materials DATA FILE. Asahi Advertising] https://adv.asahi.com/media_kit/11183349 Retrieved 21 October 2022.Google Scholar
Barr, RR (2009) Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics 15, 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, S (2021) The causes of populism in the West. Annual Review of Political Science 1, 71–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blassnig, S, Rodi, P, Teneboim-Weinblatt, K, Adamszewska, , Raycheva, L, Engesser, S and Esser, F (2019) Reinemann, C, Stanyer, J, Aalberg, T, Esser, F and de Vreese, CH (eds), Communicating Populism. Comparing Actor Perceptions, Media Coverage, and Effects on Citizens in Europe. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, pp. 71–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blinder, S and Allen, WL (2016) Constructing immigrants: portrayals of migrant groups in British national newspapers, 2010–2012. International Migration Review 50, 3–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, L, Van der Brug, W and De Vreese, C (2011) How the media shape perceptions of right-wing populist leaders. Political Communication 28, 182–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, MC (1993) Women and the Economic Miracle: Gender and Work in Postwar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buruma, I (2018) Why is Japan populist-free? Project Syndicate. Available at https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/japan-no-populism-reasons-by-ian-buruma-2018-01Google Scholar
Chadwick, A (2013) The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. USA: OUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiavacci, D (2017) Japan as a new immigration country: the gap between immigra-tion policy and actual immigration in international comparison. In Hayashi Y and Aoki N (eds), “Ningen Idōgaku” Kotohajime [Open Japan – Closed Japan: Towards Interdi-sciplinary Studies in Human Mobility]. Osaka, Japan: Osaka University, pp. 81–93.Google Scholar
Chiavacci, D (2020) New immigration, civic activism and identity in Japan. In Chiavacci, D, Grano, S and Obinge, J (eds), Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia: Between Entanglement and Contention in Post High Growth. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 187–215.Google Scholar
Chikyu wo Yomu: Heisei no Keizai Baburu Kouisho Kyokun no 30 nen (2019) Yomiuri Shimbun.Google Scholar
Couttenier, M, Hatte, S, Thoenig, M and Vlachos, S (2019) The Logic of Fear: Populism and Media Coverage of Immigrant Crimes. GATE Working Paper No. 1914 Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02095658CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, JW and Plano Clark, VL (2007) Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Diehl, T, Vonbun-Feldbauer, R and Barnidge, M (2021) Tabloid news, anti-immigration attitudes, and support for right-wing populist parties. Communication and the Public 6, 3–18. doi:10.1177/2057047319884122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, J-M, Meltzer, CE, Heidenreich, T, Herrero, B, Theorin, N, Lind, F and Strömbäck, J (2018) The European media discourse on immigration and its effects: a literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association 42, 207–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engesser, S, Fawzi, N and Larsson, AO (2017) Populist online communication: introduction to the special issue. Information, Communication & Society 20, 1279–1292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esser, F and Strömbäck, J (2014) Mediatization of Politics: Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estévez-Abe, M (2008) Welfare and Capitalism in Postwar Japan. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, G and Tilley, J (2017) The New Politics of Class: The Political Exclusion of the British Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, RA, Hino, A and Pekkanen, RJ (2021) Populism in Japan. In Pekkanen, RJ and Pekkanen, SA (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 316–350.Google Scholar
Freeman, LA (2000) Closing the Shop: Information Cartels and Japan's Mass Media. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Funabashi, Y (2017) Japan, where populism fails. The New York Times. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/08/opinion/japan-where-populism-fails.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gerard, L (2016) The press and immigration: reporting the news or fanning the flames of hatred? Available at http://www.sub-scribe.co.uk/2016/09/the-press-and-immigration-reporting.html.Google Scholar
Goodman, SW (2021) Immigration threat, partisanship, and democratic citizenship: evidence from the US, UK, and Germany. Comparative Political Studies 54, 2052–2083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grande, E, Schwarzbözl, T and Fatke, M (2019) Politicizing immigration in Western Europe. Journal of European Public Policy 26, 1444–1463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamai, K and Ellis, T (2006) Crime and criminal justice in modern Japan: from re-integrative shaming to popular punitivism. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 34, 157–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hameleers, M and Vliegenthart, R (2020) The rise of a populist Zeitgeist? a content analysis of populist media coverage in newspapers published between 1990 and 2017. Journalism Studies 21, 19–36. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2019.1620114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hameleers, M, Bos, L and de Vreese, CH (2017) The appeal of media populism: the media preferences of citizens with populist attitudes. Mass Communication and Society 20, 481–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, K, Read, M and Pauwels, T (2017) Populism and its causes. In Kaltwasser, CR, Taggart, P, Espejo, PO, Ostiguy, P, Hawkins, K, Read, M and Pauwels, T (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 267–286.Google Scholar
Hellmann, O (2017) Populism in east Asia. In Kaltwasser, CR, Taggart, P, Espejo, PO, Ostiguy, P and Hellmann, O (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 161–178.Google Scholar
Higuchi, N (2020) The ‘Pro-establishment’ radical right Japan's nativist movement reconsidered. In Chiavacci, D, Grano, S and Obinger, J (eds), Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia: Between Entanglement and Contention in Post High Growth. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 117–140.Google Scholar
Hijino, KVL (2020) Winds, fevers, and floating voters. Populisms in Japan. In Funabashi, Y and Ikenberry, GJ (eds), The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism: Japan and the World Order. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, pp. 237–270.Google Scholar
Ishido, S (2019) Yamamto Taro, Reiwa… Saha Popyurizumu no Shogeki to Dou Mukiau ka? [Taro Yamamoto, Reiwa… How do we confront left-wing populism?] Yahoo news. Available at https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/ishidosatoru/20190722-00135238/.Google Scholar
Japan Audit Bureau of Circulation (2019) Retrieved from https://www.jabc.or.jp/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Japan Magazine Publishers Association. Accessed August 1, 2008. https://www.j-magazine.or.jp/Google Scholar
Jiminto no gekidan [LDP Prefectural Assembly] (2017) Asahi Shinbun.Google Scholar
Judgement: 100 Man-pyo no Yukue [Judgement: Whereabouts of 1 Million Votes] (2019) Shukan Shincho, 12–13.Google Scholar
Kabashima, I and Steel, G (2007) The koizumi revolution. PS: Political Science and Politics 40, 79–84.Google Scholar
Kabashima, I and Steel, G (2008) Changing Politics in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kaibou Zaikai [Dissecting the businessworld] (2019) Yomiuri Shinbun.Google Scholar
Kaneko, T (2018) Estimating Ideological Ideal Points of Newspapers in Japan. Paper presented at the Institute for Political Science Workshop, Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo.Google Scholar
Mudde, C and Kaltwasser, CR (2012) Populism and (liberal) democracy: a framework for analysis. In Mudde C and Kaltwasser CR (eds), Populism in Europe and the Americas Threat or Corrective for Democracy?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, K (2019) Japan's progressive upstart rattles political establishment newcomer's party could shake up national election that lawmakers expect next year. Nikkei Asian Review. Available at https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Japan-s-progressive-upstart-rattles-political-establishment.Google Scholar
Kiryu 10 gatsu toka [9 October Reader's Letter] (2017) Yomiuri Shinbun.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, H (1994) The Transformation of European Social Democracy (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, H (2002) Popular dissatisfaction with democracy: populism and party systems. In Mény, Y and Surel, Y (eds), Democracies and the Populist Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 179–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, H and McGann, AJ (1997) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kokuzoku gi-in wo haijo seyo [Oust Treacherous Politicians] (2013) Sankei Sports.Google Scholar
Krämer, B (2014) Media populism: a conceptual clarification and some theses on its effects. Communication Theory 24, 42–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, H (2018) Revisiting the populist challenge. Politologický Casopis; Czech Journal of Political Science 25, 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, H, Grande, E, Lachat, R, Dolezal, M, Bornschier, S and Frey, T (2006) Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: six European countries compared. European Journal of Political Research 45, 921–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krzyżanowski, M, Triandafyllidou, A and Wodak, R (2018) The mediatization and the politicization of the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Europe. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kura, S (2001) Images of the alien: a case of Iranians in Japanese mass media. Bulletin of Miyazaki Municipal University Faculty of Humanities 8, 71–89.Google Scholar
Kusters, N (2017) Populist parties in the media: a newspaper analysis of the PVV. Democracy and Resentment 3, 1–19.Google Scholar
Lind, J (2018) Nationalist in a liberal order: why populism missed Japan. Asia-Pacific Review 25, 52–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu-Farrer, G (2020) Immigrant Japan: Mobility and Belonging in an Ethno-Nationalist Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Manin, B (1997) The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manucci, L (2017) Populism and the media. In Kaltwasser, CR, Taggart, P, Espejo, PO and Ostiguy, P (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 467–488.Google Scholar
Matsumiya, A and Yogo, K (2009) Masu Media ni okeru ‘Brazilians’ gensetsu no henyo [Discourses of ‘Brazilians’ in the mass media]. Aichikenritsu Daigaku Kyouiku Fukushi 58, 61–66.Google Scholar
Mazzoleni, G (2003) The media and the growth of neo-populism in contemporary democracies. In Mazzoleni, G, Stewart, J and Horsfield, B (eds), The Media and Neo-Populism: A Contemporary Comparative Analysis. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Mazzoleni, G (2008) Populism and the media. In Albertazzi D and McDonnell D (eds), Twenty-First Century Populism. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 49–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzoleni, G (2014) Mediatization and Political Populism. In Esser, F and Strömbäck, J (eds.), Mediatization of Politics: Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 42–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzoleni, G and Bracciale, R (2018) Socially mediated populism: the communicative strategies of political leaders on Facebook. Palgrave Communications 4, 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mols, F and Jetten, J (2020) Understanding support for populist radical right parties: toward a model that captures both demand-and supply-side factors. Frontiers in Communication 5, 55756. doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2020.557561CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C (2004) The populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39, 541–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, K, Asari, T, Ichikawa, Y, Hayashi, K, Yamada, H and Yamaguchi, S (2016) Media ownership and concentration in Japan. In Noam, EM and The International Media Concentration Collaboration (ed.), Who Owns the World's Media?: Media Concentration and Ownership around the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 801–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, G (2017) Is Japan susceptible to populism? Paper presented at the Presentation at Temple University, Japan. 3 October.Google Scholar
Nobuo, I (2016) Tsuyosugiru Jiminto no Byori: Rojin Shihai to Ninhongata Popyurizumu [The Pathology of a Too-strong LDP: Domination by the Elderly and Japanese-Style Populism]. Tokyo: PHP.Google Scholar
Norris, P (ed.) (2005) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
OECD (2020a) Poverty rate (indicator).Google Scholar
OECD (2020b) Employment database – Unemployment indicators. Unemployment rate total, % of labour force, May 2020.Google Scholar
Otake, H (2003) Nihongata Populism. [Japanese-Style Populism]. Tokyo: Chuko Koronsha.Google Scholar
Otake, H (2006) Koizumi Junichiro Popyurizumu no Kenkyu – Sono Sennryaku to Shuhō. Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shinpōsha.Google Scholar
Pempel, TJ (1998) Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plasser, F and Ulram, PA (2003) Striking a Responsive Chord: Mass media and Right-Wing Populism in Austria. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Ronten Special: Nihon Ishin no Kai (2012) Yomiuri Shinbun.Google Scholar
Shinsengumi, R (2019) Policies. Retrieved from https://reiwa-shinsengumi.comGoogle Scholar
Shoha no hen ‘Reiwa’ ‘N-koku’ ga hire giseki kakutoku, seito ni henshin [A strange pairing! Reiwa and N-Koku win proportional seats and become political parties] (2019) Sankei Sports.Google Scholar
Sobolewska, M, Galandini, S and Lessard-Phillips, L (2017) The public view of immigrant integration: multidimensional and consensual. Evidence from survey experiments in the UK and the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43, 58–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, J (2015) Japan's regional inequality in hard times. Pacific Focus 30, 126–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, L (2017) Populism in communications perspective: concepts, issues, evidence. In Heinisch, R, Holtz-Bacha, C and Mazzoleni, O (eds), Political Populism: A Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 137–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Sori wo Mezasu’ to iu ‘Yamamoto Taro’ no Mohaya Waraenai ‘Shukinryoku 30 oku yen’! [‘Yamamoto Taro’ says he ‘aims for the premiership’ – ‘His ability to raise 300 million yen’ is no laughing matter] (2019) Shukan Shincho, 26–28.Google Scholar
Spruyt, B, Keppens, G and Van Droogenbroeck, F (2016) Who supports populism and what attracts people to it? Political Research Quarterly 69, 335–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, G (2019) Changing women's and men's lives in Japan. In Steel, G (ed.), Beyond the Gender Gap in Japan. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, G (2022) What Women Want. Gender and Voting Preferences in Britain, Japan, and the United States. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, J, Mazzoleni, G and Horsfield, B (2003) Conclusion: power to the media managers. In Mazzoleni, G, Stewart, J and Horsfield, B (eds), The Media and Neo-Populism: A Contemporary Comparative Analysis. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 217–238.Google Scholar
Strausz, M (2019) Help (Not) Wanted: Immigration Politics in Japan. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Supo-tsu shinbun hikaku [A comparison of sports newspapers] (2018) Supo-tsu shinbun hikaku [A comparison of sports newspapers]. Retrieved from https://sports.longseller.org/.Google Scholar
Taggart, PA (1996) The New Populism and the New Politics: New Protest Parties in Sweden in a Comparative Perspective. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takagi, M (1989) The Japanese right wing. Japan Quarterly 36, 300–305.Google Scholar
Takahisa, J (2019) Koron: Yamamoto Taro to iu Gensho Souda Kazuhiro san, Sugawara Taku san, Mizushima Jiro san. [Discussion: A phenomenon named Taro Yamamoto – Kazuhiro Souda, Taku Sugawara, Jiro Mizushima]. Asahi Shimbun.Google Scholar
Takaya, S (2018) From ‘Gaikokujin rodosha’ kara 'Fuhotaizaisha) he: 1980 nendai ikou no nihon ni okeru hiseikitaisha wo meguru kategori no hensen to sono kiketsu [From ‘foreign workers’ to ‘illegal residents’: changes in the categories of irregular migrants and its consequences in contemporary Japan. The Japanese Sociological Review 68, 531–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takeshita, T (1997) Exploring the media's roles in defining reality: from issue-agenda setting to attribute-agenda. In McCombs, M, Shaw, DL and Weaver, D (eds), Communication and Democracy: Exploring the Intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-Setting Theory. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, pp. 15–27.Google Scholar
Taniguchi, M and Mizushima, J (2018) Popurizumu no Honshitsu: ‘Seijiteki sogai’ wo kokufuku dekiruka [The nature of populism: can we overcome ‘political alienation’?]. Tokyo: Chuo Kouron Shin-sha.Google Scholar
The next choice Who will be the next Prime Minister? Two party leaders decided, 24 people responded. [Tsugi no sentaku wa) tsugi no shushō ni fusawashī no wa? Tōshu 2-shi kimari, 24-ri kaitō] (2012) Asahi Shinbun. 09.29Google Scholar
Tokushu: ‘Yamamoto Taro’ wo Taifu ni Sodateru Ritsuzen ‘Shugu no Sentaku’ [Special Issue: ‘the Fools Choice’ reveals the horror of making Yamamoto Taro into a Typoon] (2019) Shukan Shincho, 121–123.Google Scholar
Toyama shicho-sen Kohosha no yokogao [Toyama City Mayoral Election. Candidate Profiles] (2017) Asahi Shinbun.Google Scholar
Toyoda, T (2013) Changes in regional income inequality and migration in Japan: using estimated household income adjusted for household size and Age compositions (Special issue: Economic geography of regional inequalities). Annals of the Association of Economic Geographers 59, 4–26.Google Scholar
van der Brug, W, D'Amato, G, Ruedin, D and Berkhout, J (2015) The Politicisation of Migration. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Hauwaert, SM and English, P (2019) Responsiveness and the macro-origins of immigration opinions: evidence from Belgium, France and the UK. Comparative European Politics 17, 832–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Kessel, S (2015) Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, T (2020) Uniformity or polarization? The nuclear power debate in Japanese newspapers and political coalitions, 2073–2014. Contemporary Japan 33, 57–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wuttke, A, Schimpf, C and Schoen, H (2020) When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts: on the conceptualization and measurement of populist attitudes and other multidimensional constructs. American Political Science Review 114, 356–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakushiin, H (2017) Popyurizumu – sekia wo oi tsukusu ‘mamono’ no shotai [Populism – the true identity of ‘demons’ that Blanket the World]: Shinchosha.Google Scholar
Yamakoshi, S (2019) ‘Legitimation crisis’ of journalism in Japan. Keio Communication Review 51, 1–14.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, T (2019) About Taro. Taro Yamamoto Official Website. Retrieved from https://www.taro-yamamoto.jpGoogle Scholar
Yomiuri Shinbun no Media de-ta. [Yomiuri Shimbun media Data] (2022) The Yomiuri Shimbun. 2022. https://adv.yomiuri.co.jp/mediadata/ Retrieved 21 October 2022.Google Scholar
Zakaria, F (2016) Populism on the march: why the West is in trouble. Foreign Affairs 95, 9–16.Google Scholar
Zaller, J (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, England; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zappettini, F (2019) From Euroscepticism to outright populism: the evolution of British tabloids [Based on ‘The tabloidization of the Brexit campaign: Power to the (British) people?’ presented at the public event ‘We, the people: Political, media and popular discourses of ‘us’ and ‘them’, held at the Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics on 26-27 October 2018.]. Retrieved from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexit/2019/01/04/from-euroscepticism-to-outright-populism-the-evolution-of-british-tabloids/Google Scholar