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LE VECCHIE NOVITÀ DELLA GLOBALIZZAZIONE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Marcq Cesa

Introduzione

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Quando la diffusione di un termine si fa tanto ampia da permetterne un uso indiscriminato, sia nel linguaggio comune che, e soprattutto, in quello scientifico, è lecito sospettare che essa rifletta una vera e propria moda intellettuale, o poco più. Questo è certamente il caso della «globalizzazione». Nell'ultimo decennio, economisti, storici, sociologi e politologi hanno fatto a gara, a più riprese, e con grande dovizia di argomenti, a offrire una lettura «globalizzata» dei fenomeni di loro rispettiva competenza, spesso sottolineando un insieme di elementi di drastica rottura con un passato relativamente recente e insistendo, di conseguenza, su tutta una serie di novità epocali che la globalizzazione comporterebbe. Secondo molti, infatti, la globalizzazione ha stravolto i tradizionali punti di riferimento e reso obsoleti gli strumenti analitici in nostro possesso; è necessario dunque elaborarne di nuovi, pena l'impossibilità di rendere conto delle più importanti dinamiche politiche, economiche e sociali odierne. A queste opinioni si contrappongono quelle di coloro che, pur riconoscendo l'importanza di molte tendenze «globalizzanti» in atto, ne limitano più o meno decisamente la portata, sia da una prospettiva storica (abbiamo già assistito a processi simili) che da una analitica (concetti e teorie di cui già disponiamo possono essere di grande utilità anche nell'esame dei fenomeni detti «globali»).

Summary

Summary

Current debates on globalization and the alleged transformation of the nature of international relations are strongly reminiscent of much of what had been argued some three decades ago, as scholars discussed interdependence theory in terms of growing commercial and financial integration, the emergence of new transnational and transgovernmental actors, the technical complexities of the international agenda, the eclipse of the state, the decline of security goals and the rise of welfare goals as the highest priorities of societies, the importance of international institutions, the ambiguities of power and the irrelevance of force. All this pointed at the obsolescence of the realist paradigm, and in turn triggered a set of realist replies. Even the lively exchange on the impact of globalization on developing countries is old news, indebted as it is to a strikingly similar discussion on dependency theory involving liberal, marxist, and eventually realist scholars.

A realist-informed assessment of several factual claims made by the globalists suggests that the repercussions of globalization on international relations have been grossly exaggerated. The state's economic sovereignty may well be challenged; yet states are far from impotent in dealing with markets and still perform a number of functions that can hardly be ignored; multinational corporations and other transnational actors may well play a key role in international affairs; yet they must come to terms with states in many important ways; globalization may well put a premium on devising common strategies for common problems; yet no issue seems so global as to prevent states from looking at it from a national perspective. Above all, globalization may well pull and haul all states; yet some states - the more powerful in general, the United States in particular - are less constrained than others. As a result, those who present globalization as the beginning of a new era for international relations are neither theoretically original nor empirically convincing.

Type
Saggi
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , December 2002 , pp. 389 - 423
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna 

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