¹ For background information see: Neipris, J., Social Services in Israel (American Jewish Committee, Jerusalem, 1972)Google Scholar; Doron, A. et al. , eds. Welfare Policy in Israel (Akadimon, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1969, in Hebrew).Google Scholar

² Housing in Israel is essentially based on a free market system with accompanying, self-regulating prices and conditions. An exception to this is a supervisory, restrictive and protective mechanism regulated by the Tenants' Protection Law (Consolidated Version), 1972. The significance of this law has gradually diminished with the rapid expansion of building. See: Prime Minister's Committee on Socially Deprived Youth, Report on Housing and Community (Jerusalem, 1972) Appendix No. 2.Google Scholar

³ For an analysis of the impact of voluntary welfare enterprise, see: Salzberger, L. and Rosenfeld, J., “Patterns of Welfare Service Operations in Jerusalem” in (1972) 3 Bitachon Soziali (Social Security) 98.Google Scholar

⁴ (1968) 22 L.S.I. 114.

⁵ For detailed information concerning the origins of National Insurance legislation and operations see: Kanev, Y., Social Policy in Israel: Achievements and Shortcomings, (Socio-Economie Research Department of the Histadrut, Tel-Aviv, 1964)Google Scholar; Lotan, G., Ten Years of National Insurance: The Idea and Its Fulfillment, (National Insurance Institute, Jerusalem, 1964)Google Scholar; Doron, A., ed., Income Maintenance Services in Israel (Akadimon, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1969, in Hebrew) Part IGoogle Scholar, “National Insurance in Israel”; J. Neipris, op. cit. supra n. 1 at pp. 12–17.

⁶ Notably, Mivtachim-Building Workers Pension Fund.

⁷ P.G. (1947) Supp. I, p. 186, replacing the former Ordinance (Drayton, , Laws of Palestine, II, p. 1550Google Scholar).

⁸ P.G. (1945) Supp. I, p. 101.

⁹ Drayton, , Laws of Palestine II, p. 1549.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Lotan, op. cit. supra n. 5 at pp. 2–10; Doron, op. cit. supra n. 5 at pp. 1–46.

¹¹ For example, whereas previously compensation for work injuries was limited to workers in manual trades, the law now extends to every employee and to all self-employed, insured persons. Another example is the universal coverage of hospitalization costs for women giving birth.

¹² The latter is reflected in the following practices: increased old age benefit rates for those who exclusively depend on old age pensions, shortening of or exemption from minimum periods of insurance, as in the case of certain new immigrant categories.

¹³ “Kazam” provides special old age grants to uninsured aged persons.

¹⁴ The new Law, which goes into effect on April 1,1974, will provide monthly allowances and rehabilitation payments for those in advanced stages of chronic and malignant diseases; amputees; traffic accident victims; the paralyzed; the blind; the mentally ill; and the retarded. Until now needy persons in these categories had to rely on welfare or on private organizations.

Under the new Law housewives will be recognized, for the first time in National Insurance Institute history, as covered in their own right and not just as dependents. The Law covers persons who lost their earning ability after April 1, 1970 and those who reached the age of 18 on or after that date having already lost at least 50 per cent of their earning power. Those handicapped before April 1970 will be entitled to limited payments.

¹⁵ For an analysis of the Law see: Cuomo, E. I., “Social Security for the Unemployed in Israel” (1973) 4–5 Bitachon Soziali (Social Security) 41.Google Scholar

¹⁶ (1972) Sejer HaHukim no. 654, p. 87. For a more detailed description of this Law against the background of earlier legislation see: Falk, Z. W., “New Legislation on Social Security” (1973) 4–5 Bitachon Soziali (Social Security) 51–53.Google Scholar

¹⁷ (1970) 24 L.S.I. 57.

¹⁸ (1950) 4 L.S.I. 115.

¹⁹ (1959) 13 L.S.I. 119.

²⁰ (1970) 24 L.S.I. 131.

²¹ (1954) 8 L.S.I. 63.

²² (1957) 11 L.S.I. 111.

²³ See Neipris, op. cit. supra n. 1 at pp. 7–12; Doron, op. cit. supra n. 5 at Part II, “Public Assistance in Israel”.

²⁴ (1959) 13 L.S.I. 73. For the scope of relatives' responsibility, see sec. 4 of the Law.

²⁵ In this context see secs. 7 and 8 of the Welfare Services Law, 1958 (infra n. 28 at pp. 121–2) which stipulate the conditions under which a recipient has to repay monetary benefits received by him in the past.

²⁶ See Social Welfare Regulations (Eligibility Tests), 1970; Social Welfare Regulations (Treatment Procedures for Persons in Need), 1960.

²⁷ See TAAS (Rules for Social Service provisions), part 3, family assistance. Concerning the legal aspects of those rules see: Shnit, D., “Some Legal Problems Pertaining to Public Assistance for the Needy” (1971) 4 Bitachon Soziali (Social Security) 75.Google Scholar

²⁸ (1958) 12 L.S.I. 120.

²⁹ (1959) 13 L.S.I. 73.

³⁰ Giladi, I., Labour Law in Israel (Tel Aviv, Tarbut VeChinuch, 1963, in Hebrew)Google Scholar; Levinthal, I., Labour Law in Israel (Tel Aviv, Chachik Publ. House, in Hebrew)Google Scholar; Klein, Z., The Worker's Manual (Tel Aviv, Am Oved, 1971, in Hebrew)Google Scholar; Zamir, I., “Labour and Social Security” Studies in Israel's Legislative Problems, XVI Scripta Hierosolymitana (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 1966) 298.Google Scholar

³¹ Drayton, , Laws of Palestine II, p. 938.Google Scholar

³² Ibid., p. 895.

³³ P.G. (1945) Supp. I, p. 80.

³⁴ Ibid., p. 101.

³⁵ Ibid., p. 87.

³⁶ P.G. (1946) Supp. I, p. 63.

³⁷ See for example: Discharged Soldiers Law (1949) 3 L.S.I. 10 and State Service (Appointments) Law (1959) 13 L.S.I. 87.

³⁸ See: Labour Court Law, 1969 (infra n. 41), Settlement of Labour Disputes Law, 1957 (infra n. 40) and its amendments.

³⁹ (1957) 11 L.S.I. 58.

⁴⁰ (1957) 11 L.S.I. 51. See also Raday, F., “A Cooling-off Period for Israel” (1971) 6 Is. L.R. 569.Google Scholar

⁴¹ (1969) 23 L.S.I. 76.

⁴² (1959) 13 L.S.I. 29.

⁴³ (1959) 13 L.S.I. 87.

⁴⁴ (1949) 3 L.S.I. 10.

⁴⁵ (1954) 8 L.S.I. 128.

⁴⁶ (1958) 12 L.S.I. 100.

⁴⁷ (1963) 17 L.S.I. 161.

⁴⁸ (1964) 18 L.S.I. 156.

⁴⁹ (1951) 5 L.S.I. 155.

⁵⁰ (1951) 5 L.S.I. 125.

⁵¹ See Capacity and Guardianship Law (1962) 16 L.S.I. 106 at ch. II. See also similar enactments through which maintenance of minors is secured and regulated insofar as rules of personal status do not apply.

⁵² Stanner, R., The Legal Basis of Education (Ministry of Education and Culture, Jerusalem, 1963, in Hebrew).Google Scholar

⁵³ Drayton, , Laws of Palestine I, p. 263.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ (1949) 3 L.S.I. 125.

⁵⁵ See Ruth Statuier, op. cit. supra n. 52 at p. 163.

⁵⁶ (1953) 7 L.S.I. 113.

⁵⁷ Stanner, op. cit. supra n. 52 at p. 134.

⁵⁸ Sebba, L., “Youth (Trial, Punishment and Treatment) Bill 1969” (1970) 2 Mishpatim 388.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Drayton, , Laws of Palestine II, p. 1549.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ (1953) 7 L.S.I. 94.

⁶¹ (1953) 7 L.S.I. 86.

⁶² (1960) 14 L.S.I. 44.

⁶³ (1960) 14 L.S.I. 93.

⁶⁴ (1955) 9 L.S.I. 102.

⁶⁵ (1969) 23 L.S.I. 144.

⁶⁶ (1966) 20 L.S.I. 48.

⁶⁷ (1955) 9 L.S.I. 139.

⁶⁸ Drayton, , Laws of Palestine II, p. 1579.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ P.G. (1937) Supp. I, p. 137.

⁷⁰ (1971) Sefer HaHukim no. 629, p. 134.

⁷¹ Dinei Israel (Nusach Chadash) p. 312.

⁷² Kanev, Y. and Nizan, A., Public Investment in Social Security and Social Services in Israel (1965, in Hebrew).Google Scholar

⁷³ The number of physicians per capita in Israel is the highest in the world.

⁷⁴ Rosenfeld and Salzberger, op. cit. supra no. 3 at pp. 100–114.

⁷⁵ Shoval, J., Social Functions of Medical Practice (San Francisco, Jossey Bass, 1970).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Today, roughly 80% of the population are covered by one of the health insurance schemes.

⁷⁷ (1973) Sefer HaHukim n. 689 p. 88.

⁷⁸ P.G. (1940) Supp. I, p. 239, replacing the former Ordinance (Drayton, Laws of Palestine II, p. 1250).

⁷⁹ P.G. (1935) Supp. I, p. 56.

⁸⁰ (1955) 9 L.S.I. 132.