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International Law, Conflict Resolution and Peace Research: A Concise Orientation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2016

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Extract

It is my contention that the concepts which hide behind the terms constituting the title of this essay, have many traits in common and to a large extent deal with the same problem.

This, however, is not sufficiently admitted. Further theoretical and philosophical clarification is overdue.

In the first place the theorist in each field finds it difficult to confess to what extent the prevailing terminology is misleading; the more so because in spite of defective terminology he is—in a general way—in agreement with his fellow-specialists as to the object of their study.

In the second place the theorist in each field, finding it hard enough to follow the torrent of literature in his chosen specialty, tends to neglect developments in fields which however closely interrelated are considered to be distinct.

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Articles
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press and The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1975

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References

1 For a more extensive analysis see Boasson, Ch., Sociological Aspects of Law and International Adjustment, (Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1950).Google Scholar

2 Huber, Max, “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Soziologischen Grundlagen des Völkerrechts und der Staatengesellschaft” (1910) 4 Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart 57 ff.Google Scholar (reprinted in Huber's collected essays, 1948).

3 Stone, Julius, Legal Controls of International Conflict (Sydney, Maitland Publications, 1954; also London, Stevens & Sons and New York, Rinehart & Co.).Google Scholar

4 Stone, Julius, “Problems Confronting Sociological Inquiries Concerning International Law” (1956) 59 Hague Recueil 63180.Google Scholar

5 Stone, Julius, Aggression and World Order (Sydney, Maitland Publications, 1958; also London, Stevens & Co., and Berkeley, University of California Press).Google Scholar

6 Huber, Max, “Die Gleichheit der Staaten” in Festgabe für Kohler (1906, Stuttgart).Google Scholar

7 Nelson, Leonard, Die Rechtswissenschaft ohne Recht (Leipzig, 1917)Google Scholar; 2nd edition, (Göttingen, Verlag Öffentliches Leben, 1949); reprinted in his Collected Works, Vol. IX: Recht und Staat (Hamburg, Felix Meiner, 1972) 123–324.

8 Compare Boasson, Ch., “The Place of International Law in Peace Research” (1968) J. of Peace Research 28ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Hoyt, Edwin C., “The Lawyer's Role in Treaty Making”, a review of two legal monographs (1960) 4 J. of Conflict Resolution 90 ff.Google Scholar

10 Charles Boasson, A Review of Bernard, Jessie, Pear, T.H., Aron, Raymond and Angell, Robert C., The Nature of Conflict: Studies of the Sociological Aspects of International Tensions (1958) J. of Conflict Resolution 194 ff.Google Scholar

11 See Ch. Boasson, op. cit. supra n. 8; and also: A Prologue to Peace Research, with introduction by Stone, Julius (Jerusalem, Israel U.P., 1971; also Amsterdam and London, North Holland Publishing Co.) 31, 41, 42 and nn. 54, 83.Google Scholar

12 Letter from the Secretary of the Education Committee (Christoph Wulf) of IPRA in (1973) 11 International Peace Research Newsletter 2. As to IPRA (International Peace Research Association) and some of its affiliated institutions see Boasson, Ch., “The Organization of Peace Research” (1972) 12 Public Administration in Israel and Abroad 161 ff.Google Scholar

13 Cf. Boasson, , “The Nature and Possible Philosophies of Peace Research” in Proceedings of the IPRA Third General Conference (Assen, Van Gorcum & Comp., 1970) 210219.Google Scholar

14 See previous note, and those proceedings in general.

15 Galtung, Johan, “The Middle East and the Theory of Conflict” (1971) J. of Peace Research 173205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16 Boasson, Charles, “Galtung's Version of ‘The Middle East and the Theory of Conflict’: Can Peace Research Transcend Prejudice and Dogma?” (1973) J. of Peace Research 133144CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johan Galtung, “Boasson's Version of Conflict Theory and the Middle East: Apologia Sua or Peace Research?” (1973) id. at pp. 145–147.

17 Ibid. at p. 147. Sic. Galtung wanted to say, of course, “fewer and fewer”.

18 Ibid. at p. 146.

19 Choucri, Nazli, with North, Robert C., “In Search of Peace Systems: Scandinavia and the Netherlands; 1870–1970” in Russen, Bruce M., Peace, War and Numbers (Beverly Hills and London, Sage Publication, 1972) 239274 at p. 240.Google Scholar

20 Gullväg, Ingemund, “A review of the Contributions to the Prize Contest on the Relevance of Research to Problems of Peace” in Wright, Quincy, Cottrell, W. F. and Boasson, Ch., Research for Peace (Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co. for Oslo Institute for Social Research, 1954) 293.Google Scholar Contribution no. 8 was entitled “Point n'est besoin d'espérer pour entreprendre, ni de réussir pour persévérer”.

21 Timasheff, N. S., An Introduction to the Sociology of Law (Cambridge, Harvard U.P., 1939) 213.Google Scholar

22 (1969) J. of Peace Research 167–191.

23 Ib., at p. 183.

24 Timasheff, op. cit. supra n. 21 at p. 368. Timasheff adds: “Anarchism as an apologia for stateless society is one of the oldest trends in human thought. [The anarchists' attitude is] primarily an emotional one: they hate force, which seems to them of necessity to be a species of oppression, and they hence deduce all the miseries of mankind from the existence of political power and of law as its instrument”. Compare Stone, Julius, Social Dimensions of Law and Justice (Sydney, Maitland Publications, 1966) 471479, 480, 642, 643Google Scholar, in particular on “philosophical anarchism” and the paradox of non-violent aspirations combined with violence in practice.

25 Parson, Talcott, “Authority, Legitimation, and Political Action”, in Friedrich, Carl J. (ed.) Authority (Cambridge, Harvard U.P., 1958) 197221 at p. 201.Google Scholar

26 Ibid., at p. 206.

27 Converse, Elizabeth, “The War of All Against All: A Review of the Journal of Conflict Resolution 1957–1968” (1968) 12 J. of Conflict Resolution 471532 at pp. 481, 482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 Stone, Julius, “The Middle East under Cease Fire” (1967) 3 The Bridge 318 at p. 16Google Scholar; Wright, Quincy in “Legal Aspects of the Middle East Situation” (1968) 33 Law & Contemporary Problems 5, 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar also found that Israel's action in June 1967 was defence against “armed attack”.

29 See supra n. 27.

30 See supra n. 7.

31 In particular Claude, Inis L., National Minorities, An International Problem (Harvard U.P., 1955).CrossRefGoogle Scholar Inis Claude also indicates that not sufficient benevolent thought has been spent on mutual population exchange, id., passim. See op. cit. supra n. 16 at pp. 135–6 for a fuller treatment of this problem.

32 See Stone, Julius, No Peace No War in the Middle East (Sydney, Maitland Publication, 1969)Google Scholar and Julius Stone, “The November Resolution and Middle East Peace, Pitfall or Guide Post?” (1970) University of Toledo Law Review, later in: A collection of Essays in Honor of Joseph L. Kunz. It is regrettable that malicious reading has affected political parties even inside Israel.

33 Nelson, Leonard, System der philosophischen Rechtslehre und Politik (Frankfurt, Verlag Öffentliches Leben, 1924, reprint 1964) part 3, chap. 5Google Scholar; reprinted in his Collected Works, Vol. VI (Hamburg, Felix Meiner, 1970) 465–469. Compare also Julius Stone, op. cit. (1969) and Blum, Y. Z., “The Missing Reversioner, Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria” (1968) 3 Is. L.R. 279302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34 Nelson, Id. at pp. 465, 466.