Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T11:38:02.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Serum immunoglobulins in tardive dyskinesia — implication for pathogenesis of the syndrome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 June 2014

Hanafy Youssef*
Affiliation:
St. Davnet's Hospital, Monaghan

Abstract

Levels of immunoglobulins were measured in 32 schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia and 34 schizophrenic patients without tardive dyskinesia. The duration of neuroleptic treatment in years was similar in the two groups. The serum immunoglobulin concentrations (mg%) were found to be significantly different in the two groups; IGA and IGM levels were higher in patients with tardive dyskinesia. The present results may be explained on the basis of dysfunction of the immunological system in tardive dyskinesia.

Type
Clinical and Brief Reports
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Youssef, HA, Waddington, JL. Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: over representation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 791796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Waddington, JL, Youssef, HA. An unusual cluster of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: association with cognitive dysfunction, and negative symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 11621165.Google ScholarPubMed
3.De Keyser, J, Ebinger, G, Herrgods, P. Pathophysiology of akathisia. Lancet 1987; ii: 336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Mukherjee, S, Wisniewski, A, Bilder, R, Sackheim, HA. Possible association between tardive dyskinesia and altered carbohydrate metabolism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Youssef, HA, Waddington, JL. Calcium metabolism and abnormal involuntary movements, (tardive dyskinesia) in psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78: 523525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Tarsy, D. History and definition of tardive dyskinesia. Clin Neuropharmacol 1983; 6: 9199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Feighner, JP, Robins, E, Guze, SB, Woodruff, RA Jr, Winokur, G, Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 26: 5763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.National Institute of Mental Health. Abnormal involuntary movement scale. In: Guy, W, ed. ECDEU assessment manual. Rockville: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1976: 534537.Google Scholar
9.Bock, E, Weeke, B, Rafaelsen, O. Serum protein in acutely psychotic patients. J Psychiatr Res 1971; 9: 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Fessel, W. Blood protein in functional psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1962; 6: 132144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Libikova, H. Schizophrenia and viruses: principles of etiologic studies. In: Adv Biolog Psych. Basel: Karger, 1983; 12: 2051.Google Scholar
12.Solomon, G, Allansmith, M, McCellan, B, Amkraut, A. Immunoglobulin in psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 20: 272277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Shaskan, E, Lovett, E. Effects of psychotropic drugs on delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in mice: relevant sites of action. In: Perris, , Strune, , Jansson, . Biological Psychiatry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1981: 7384.Google Scholar
14.Kane, J, Smith, J. Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factor, 1959 - 1979. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 36: 473481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Waddington, JL, Youssef, HA, Molloy, AG, O'Boyle, KM, Pugh, MT. Association of intellectual impairment, negative symptoms, and ageing with tardive dyskinesia: clinical and animal studies. J Clin Psychiatry 1985; 46: 2933.Google ScholarPubMed
16.Struve, F, Wilner, A. Cognitive dysfunction and tardive dyskinesia. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 143: 597600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Youssef, H, Waddington, J. Morbidity and mortality in tardive dyskinesia association in chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 75: 7477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed