Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nr4z6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-28T00:16:22.326Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

On the Seclusion of Women in Antiquity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Siamak Adhami*
Affiliation:
Siamak Adhami is an independent scholar living in California

Abstract

Summary: The study of the feminine in ancient Iran is an area which deserves much greater attention than it has thus far received. By utilizing a number of primary sources, textual and otherwise, a few observations are offered here which concern the rites of women through the centuries. These evolving rites, which are described by the doctors of the then-dominant religion of Zarathustra, deal with the preservation of purity through seclusion of women in a world which is under constant attack from the demonic, polluting forces. Throughout the essay, the different means of fighting this battle are explored and suggestions for further research in the field are made.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Iranian Studies 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

He received his Ph.D. in history from UCLA and has published widely on topics dealing with Western Asia, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. Siamak_adhami@yahoo.com

References

Adhami, S.Two Pahlavi Chapters on Medicine.” Early Science and Medicine 16 (2011): 331351. doi: 10.1163/157338211X587379Google ScholarPubMed
Adhami, S., ed. and trans. Zand ī Fargard ī Pahlawi Jud-dēw-dād (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Ahmadi Kermāni, Y. Farmāndehān-e Kermān [Governors of Kerman]. Edited by Bāstānī-Pārīzī, M.-E. Tehran, HS 1371.Google Scholar
Anklesaria, B. T. Pahlavi Vendīdād. Bombay 1949.Google Scholar
Aristotle. Generation of Animals. Translated by Peck, A. L. Loeb Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1942. Reprinted 1990.Google Scholar
Bartholomae, C. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. Strasburg 1904.Google Scholar
Berenji, P. and Tashakkori, P.An Exclusive Report from the Village of Women.” Daricheh (June 1996). Summarized in Persian and English at http://www.iranian.com/Features/Aug97/Esk/Page1.htmlGoogle Scholar
Betz, H. D., ed. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation Including the Demotic Spells I. Texts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Reprinted 1992.Google Scholar
Boyce, M. Zoroastrians. Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge, 1979.Google Scholar
Boyce, M.Bānū-Pārs.” Encyclopaedia Iranicaonline.org. 1988.Google Scholar
Brown, P. The Rise of Western Christianity. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.Google Scholar
Buckley, T. and Gootlieb, A., eds. Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkert, W. Greek Religion. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Cantera, A.Über die Zwischenlagerung der Leichen im Zoroastrismus.” Archeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 34 (2002): 415431.Google Scholar
Darmesteter, J. Zend-Avesta I‒III. Paris 1892‒93. Reprinted 1960.Google Scholar
Dehkhoda, A.-A. Loghatnama I‒XV. Tehran 1373 HS.Google Scholar
Dover, K. J. Aristophanic Comedy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Finn, C. A.Menstruation: A Non-Adaptive Consequence of Uterine Evolution.” Quarterly Review of Biology 73, no. 2 (1998): 163173. doi: 10.1086/420183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazier, J. The Golden Bough. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Row, 1981.Google Scholar
Gaster, T. The New Golden Bough. New York: Macmillan, 1959.Google Scholar
Jamasp Asa, K. M.Catechism on the Pahlavi Videwdād.” In Philologica et Linguistica Historia, Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80 Geburtstag am 4, Dez. 2001 137151. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2001.Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. Die Religion des Hindukusch. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1975.Google Scholar
De Jong, A.Jeh the Primal Whore? Observations on Zoroastrian Misogyny.” In Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions, edited by Kloppenborg, R. and Hanegraaff, W. J. 1541. Leiden: Brill, 1995.Google Scholar
Kapadia, D. D. Glossary of Pahlavi Vendīdād. Bombay 1952.Google Scholar
Kerényi, C. Zeus and Hera: Archetypal Image of Father, Husband, Wife. Translated by Holme, Christopher. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UNiversity Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Lane Fox, R. Pagans and Christians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987.Google Scholar
McClintock, M. K.Menstrual Synchrony and Suppression.” Nature 229 (1971): 244245. doi: 10.1038/229244a0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClintock, M. K.Estrous Synchrony in the Rat and its Mediation by Airborne Chemical Communication (Rattus Norvegicus).” Hormones and Behavior 10 (1978): 264276. doi: 10.1016/0018-506X(78)90071-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClintock, M. K.Pheromonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle: Enhancement, Suppression, and Synchrony.” In Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals, edited by Vandenbergh, J. G. 113149. New York: Academic Press, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modi, J. J. The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees. Bombay 1922.Google Scholar
Mo‘in, M. Farhang-e Fārsi [Persian dictionary]. Vols. I‒VI. Tehran 1992.Google Scholar
Moslemi-zadeh, M. Resalah Towzih al-masa'il Shesh marja' taqlid. Mashhad 1383 HS/2004.Google Scholar
Parker, R. Miasma Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion. Oxford 1983. Reprinted 1996.Google Scholar
Profet, M.Menstruation as a Defense Against Pathogens Transported by Sperm.” Quarterly Review of Biology 68, no. 3 (1996): 335386. doi: 10.1086/418170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Road Atlas of Iran. Tehran 1374 HS.Google Scholar
Rudolph, K. Die Mandäer. Vol. II. Der Kult. Göttingen 1965.Google Scholar
Šāyast-nē-Šāyast. Edited by Tavadia, J. C. Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co, 1930.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H.-P. Some Women's Rites and Rights in the Veda. Poona 1987.Google Scholar
Stern, K. and McClintock, M. K.Regulation of Ovulation by Human Pheromones.” Nature 392 (1998): 177179. doi: 10.1038/32408CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strassmann, B. I.The Evolution of Endometrial Cycles and Menstruation.” Quarterly Review of Biology 71, no. 2 (1996): 181220. doi: 10.1086/419369CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Süskind, P. Das Parfum Zurich 1985. English translation by Woods, J. E., Perfume The Story of a Murderer. New York: Vintage, 1986.Google Scholar
Tavoosi, M. Glossary of Šāyist nē-Šāyist. Tehran 1993.Google Scholar
Vendīdād: Avesta Text with Pahlavi Translation and Commentary, and Glossarial Index. Edited by Hoshang Jamasp, Dastoor. Bombay 1907.Google Scholar
Vernant, J.-P.The Pure and the Impure.” In Myth and Society in Ancient Greece. Translated by Lloyd, Janet 121141. New York 1980.Google Scholar
West, E. W. Shāyast lā-Shāyast (SBE V), Pahlavi Texts, part I. Bombay 1880. Reprinted 1977.Google Scholar
Wolff, F. Avesta. Strassburg 1910. Reprinted 1960.Google Scholar
Zaehner, R. C. Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955. Reprinted 1972.Google Scholar
Zand ī Fargard ī Pahlawi Jud-dēw-dād. Pahlavi Codices. Vol. 55. General editor Navvabi, Y. M. Shiraz 1980.Google Scholar