Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-c654p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-25T16:15:50.223Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Coffee Shops and Cigarettes: On the ‘Return’ to Tehran of Young Diasporic Iranians

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Leili Sreberny-Mohammadi*
Affiliation:
Sociocultural Anthropology at New York University

Abstract

This essay explores the experiences of a young community of diasporic Iranians living and working in Tehran during the years 2007–2009 when the author lived there. Through analysis of the lived experiences of this group, the article highlights a unique experience that is often absent from current discussions of “diaspora.” In the preliminary research, a redeployment of often taken-for-granted concepts such as “home” and “abroad” are proposed and a conceptualization of migration and diaspora that problematizes stasis and movement is reconsidered.

Type
Iranian Diaspora Studies
Copyright
Copyright © The International Society for Iranian Studies 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Rumi, Jalal A-Din, “In Between,” in The Essential Rumi, trans. Barks, Coleman (New York: Castle Books, 1995)Google Scholar.

2 Clifford, James, “Diasporas,” Cultural Anthropology 9, no. 3 (1994): 302–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 For figures on immigration from Iran see http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=424#top (accessed January 4, 2012).

4 See Ghorashi, Haleh, “How Dual is Transnational Identity? A Debate on Duality of Transnational Immigrant Organizations,” Culture & Organization 10, no. 4 (2004): 329–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Naficy, Hamid, The Making of Exile Cultures: Iranian Television in Los Angeles (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993)Google Scholar; Spellman, Katherine, Religion and Nation: Iranian Local and Transnational Networks in Britain (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2004)Google Scholar.

5 See Sullivan, Zohreh T., Exiled Memories: Stories of Iranian Diaspora (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001)Google Scholar.

6 See Werbner, Pnina, Imagined Diasporas amongst Manchester Muslims (London: James Currey, 2002)Google Scholar.

7 See Portes, Alejandro, “Immigration Theory for a New Century: Some Problems and Opportunities,” International Migration Review 31, no. 4 (1997): 799825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

8 Caglar, Ayse, “Hyphenated Identities and the Limits of Culture,” in The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe, ed. Modood, Tariq and Werbner, Pnina (London: Zed Books, 1997), 169–85Google Scholar.

9 Ibid., 182.

10 Schiller, Nina Glick, “Postscript: Haitian Transnational Practice and National Discourse,” in Caribbean Immigrants in New York, rev. edn, edited by Sutton, Constance and Chaney, Elsa (Saten Island, NY: Centre for Migration Studies, 1992)Google Scholar.

11 See Levitt, Peggy, “Transnational Migration: Taking Stock and Future Directions,” Global Networks 1 (2001): 195216CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Portes, Alejandro, “Immigration Theory for a New Century: Some Problems and Opportunities,” International Migration Review 31, no. 4 (1997): 799825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; and Vertovec, Steve, “Transnationalism and Identity,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27, no. 4 (2001): 573–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Levitt, Peggy, “Keeping Two Feet in Both Worlds: Transnational Practices and Immigrant Incorporation,” in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-states, ed. Joppke, Christian and Morawasa, Ewa (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 177–94Google Scholar.

13 Of course, in recent years, and partly due to the power of Internet technologies, it can be argued that Iranians in diaspora are now much more engaged in political activism within Iran. See Sreberny, Annabelle and Gholam Khiabany, Blogistan: The Internet and Politics in Iran (Oxford, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Ghoraishi, Haleh and Boersma, Kees, “The ‘Iranian Diaspora’ and the New Media: From Political Action to Humanitarian Help,” Development and Change 40, no. 4 (2009): 667–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 See Wessendorf, Susanne, “Roots-Migrants: Transnationalism and ‘Return’ among Second-generation Italians in Switzerland,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33, no. 7 (2007): 1083–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Conway, Dennis, Potter, Robert B., and Bernard, Godfrey St, “Dual Citizenship or Dual Identity? Does ‘Transnationalism’ Supplant ‘Nationalism’ among Returning Trinidadians?,” Global Networks 8, no. 4 (2008): 373–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 According to the IMF, immigration from Iran for educated people is between 150,000 and 180,000 annually. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/carringt.htm#author (accessed December 10, 2010).

17 Brah, Avtar, Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities (London: Routledge, 1996), 190Google Scholar.

18 Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr., Filipinos in Global Migrations: At Home in the World? (Quezon City: The Philippine Social Science Council and the Philippine Migration Research Network, 2005)Google Scholar.

19 See Levitt, Peggy and Waters, Mary C., eds., The Changing Face of Home. The Trans-national Lives of the Second Generation (New York: Russell Sage, 2002)Google Scholar.

20 Naficy, Hamid, Home, Exile, Homeland: Film, Media and the Politics of Place (New York: Routledge, 1999)Google Scholar.

21 All of the names and biographical details of my informants have been changed to protect privacy.

22 Ellis, Carolyn, “Evocative Autoethnography: Writing Emotionally About Our Lives,” in Representation and the Text: Re-Framing the Narrative Voice, ed. Tierney, W.G. and Lincoln, Y.S. (New York: State University of New York Press, 1997), 123Google Scholar.

23 See Narges Bajoghli and Hazhir Rahmandad “Returning to Iran: Challenges and Promises,” in MIT Iranian Studies Group, 2005.

24 Ali, businessman, discussion with author, March 6, 2009.

25 Gelareh, gallery owner, discussion with author, March 15, 2009.

26 Omid, businessman, discussion with author, January 26, 2009.

27 Rouzbeh, English teacher, email communication with author, August 12, 2009.

28 Omid, businessman, in discussion with author, January 26, 2009.

29 Journal note, May 26, 2008.

30 Ali, businessman, in discussion with author, March 15, 2009.

31 Omid, businessman, in discussion with author, January 26, 2009.

32 Gelareh, gallery owner, discussion with author, March 15, 2009.

33 Rouzbeh, English teacher, email communication with author, August 12, 2009.

34 Golnaz, translator, email communication with the author, September 1, 2009.

35 See Jason R. Shams in The Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-12-29/what-happened-to-leyli (accessed December 30, 2009). Jason is an Iranian-American whose article documents the disappearance of his friend during Ashura protests in December 2009.

36 Clifford, James, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1997), 154Google Scholar.

37 Gelareh, gallery owner, discussion with author, March 15, 2009.

38 Appadurai, Arjun, Modernity At Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 65Google Scholar.