Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T06:45:50.543Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effects of golf training in patients with stroke: a pilot study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 January 2015

Tobias Schachten  and
Petra Jansen
Tobias Schachten*
Affiliation:
Institute of sport science, University of Regensburg, Germany
Petra Jansen
Affiliation:
Institute of sport science, University of Regensburg, Germany
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: Tobias Schachten, Institute of sport science, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. Phone: +49-941-943-2445. Email: tobias.schachten@ur.de.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Stroke is the most common neurological disease and the primary cause of lifelong disability in industrialized countries. Because of this it is important to investigate any kind of successful therapy.

Methods:

From the 24 recruited stroke patients who were between 23 and 72 years old, 14 patients were separated either in a golf training group (EG), or a social communication meeting (CG). Both groups met for one hour sessions, twice a week, for ten weeks. All participants completed assessment tests before and after the experimental period: cognitive tests measuring attention (Go/No-Go task), visual-spatial memory (Block-Tapping test) and mental rotation performance (MRT); a balance test (Berg Balance Scale), and an emotional well-being test (CES-D-Scale).

Results:

The results show that both groups improved in the CES Scale, the block-tapping test and the balance test. In addition, stroke patients who received a golf training showed a significant improvement in the MRT comparing to the control group (CG).

Conclusion:

It is indicated that golf training can improve visual imagery ability in stroke patients, even late after stroke.

Keywords

strokegolf exercisesrehabilitationcognitionmotor skillsemotionsvisual-spatial cognition
Type
Research Article
Information
International Psychogeriatrics , Volume 27 , Issue 5 , May 2015 , pp. 865 - 873
Copyright
Copyright © International Psychogeriatric Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angevaren, M., Aufdemkampe, G., Verhaar, H. J. J., Aleman, A. and Vanhees, L. (2008). Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 3, CD005381.Google Scholar
Arent, S. M., Landers, D. M. and Etnier, J. L. (2000). The effects of exercise on mood in older adults: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 8, 407–430.Google Scholar
Berg, K., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Williams, J. I. and Gayton, D. (1989). Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada, 41, 304–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boĭko, E. A., Kulishova, T. V., Shumakher, G. I. and Iusupkhodzhaev, R. V. (2008). The role of physical exercises in the improvement of cognitive functions in patients who survived stroke, in the early rehabilitative period. Voprosy Kurortologii, Fizioterapii, i Lechebnoĭ Fizicheskoĭ Kultury, 6, 9–12.Google Scholar
Cauraugh, J. H. and Summers, J. J. (2005). Neural plasticity and bilateral movements: a rehabilitation approach for chronic stroke. Progress in Neurobiology, 75, 309–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, C., Leys, D. and Esquenazi, A. (2013). The interaction between neuropsychological and motor deficits in patients after stroke. Neurology, 80 (Suppl. 2), S27–S34.Google Scholar
Colcombe, S. and Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corsi, P. M. (1972). Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 819B.Google Scholar
Cumming, T. B., Tyedin, K., Churilov, L., Morris, M. E. and Bernhardt, J. (2012). The effect of physical activity on cognitive function after stroke: a systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics/IPA, 24, 557–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
das Nair, R. and Lincoln, N. (2008). Effectiveness of memory rehabilitation after stroke. Stroke, 39, 516.Google Scholar
Dennis, A. et al. (2009). Fast walking under cognitive-motor interference conditions in chronic stroke. Brain Research, 1287, 104–110.Google Scholar
Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U. and May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427, 311–312.Google Scholar
Duncan, P. et al. (1998). A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 29, 2055–2060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, P. et al. (2003). Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 34, 2173–2180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geary, D. C., Saults, S. J., Liu, F. and Hoard, M. K. (2000). Sex differences in spatial cognition, computational fluency, and arithmetical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 337–353.Google Scholar
Gordon, N. F. (2004). Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American heart association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention; the council on cardiovascular nursing; the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the stroke council. Circulation, 109, 2031–2041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hautzinger, M. and Bailer, M. (1993). Allgemeine Depressions Skala - ADS. Weinheim: Beltz.Google Scholar
Hegarty, M. and Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Types of visual-spatial representations and mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 479–500.Google Scholar
Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I. and Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 58–65.Google Scholar
Hyndman, D., Ashburn, A., Yardley, L. and Stack, E. (2006). Interference between balance, gait and cognitive task performance among people with stroke living in the community. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28, 849–856.Google Scholar
Jäncke, L., Koeneke, S., Hoppe, A., Rominger, C. and Hänggi, J. (2009). The architecture of the golfer's brain. PloS one, 4, e4785.Google Scholar
Jansen, P. and Dahmen-Zimmer, K. (2012). Effects of cognitive, motor, and karate training on cognitive functioning and emotional well-being of elderly people. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 40.Google Scholar
Jansen, P., Titze, C. and Heil, M. (2009). The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 40, 351–359.Google Scholar
Johnston, S. C., Mendis, S. and Mathers, C. D. (2009). Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling. The Lancet Neurology, 8, 345–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, K., Heinze, H. J., Lutz, K., Kanowski, M. and Jäncke, L. (2001). Cortical activations during the mental rotation of different visual objects. NeuroImage, 13, 143–152.Google Scholar
Kwakkel, G. et al. (2004). Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 35, 2529–2539.Google Scholar
Lai, S.-M., Studenski, S., Richards, L., Perera, S., Reker, D., Rigler, S. and Duncan, P. W. (2006). Therapeutic exercise and depressive symptoms after stroke. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54, 240–247.Google Scholar
Lord, S. E., Rochester, L., Weatherall, M., McPherson, K. M. and McNaughton, H. K. (2006). The effect of environment and task on gait parameters after stroke: a randomized comparison of measurement conditions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87, 967–973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marzolini, S., Oh, P., McIlroy, W. and Brooks, D. (2013). The effects of an aerobic and resistance exercise training program on cognition following stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 27, 392–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzoff, A., Kuhl, P., Movellan, J. and Sejnowski, T. (2009). Foundations for a new science of learning. Science, 325, 284–288.Google Scholar
Nosek, B. A. and Banaji, M. R. (2001). The Go/No-Go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penninx, B. W. et al. (2001). Physical exercise and the prevention of disability in activities of daily living in older persons with osteoarthritis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 2309–2316.Google Scholar
Peters, M., Chisholm, P. and Laeng, B. (1995). Spatial ability, student gender and academic performance. Journal of Engineering Education, 84, 60–73.Google Scholar
Potempa, K., Lopez, M., Braun, L. T., Szidon, J. P., Fogg, L. and Tincknell, T. (1995). Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 26, 101–105.Google Scholar
Pyöriä, O., Talvitie, U., Nyrkkö, H., Kautiainen, H., Pohjolainen, T., and Kasper, V. (2007). The effect of two physiotherapy approaches on physical and cognitive functions and independent coping at home in stroke rehabilitation. A preliminary follow-up study. Disability and rehabilitation, 29, 503–511.Google Scholar
Quaney, B. M. et al. (2009). Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function poststroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23, 879–885.Google Scholar
Roth, D. L. (1989). Acute emotional and psychophysiological effects of aerobic exercise. Psychophysiology, 26, 593–602.Google Scholar
Shatil, S., Ivanova, T. D., Mochizuki, G. and Garland, S. J. (2005). Effects of therapeutic golf rehabilitation on golf performance, balance, and quality of life in individuals following stroke: pilot study. Physiotherapy Canada, 57, 101–112.Google Scholar
Shepherd, R. B. (2001). Exercise and training to optimize functional motor performance in stroke: driving neural reorganization? Neural Plasticity, 8, 121–129.Google Scholar
Strawbridge, W. J., Deleger, S., Roberts, R. E. and Kaplan, G. A. (2002). Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 328–334.Google Scholar
Truelsen, T., Piechowski-Jozwiak, B., Bonita, R., Mathers, C., Bogousslavsky, J. and Boysen, G. (2006). Stroke incidence and prevalence in Europe: a review of available data. European Journal of Neurology, 13, 581–598.Google Scholar
van de Port, I. G. L., Wevers, L. E. G., Lindeman, E. and Kwakkel, G. (2012). Effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 344, e2672.Google ScholarPubMed
Wevers, L., van de Port, I., Vermue, M., Mead, G. and Kwakkel, G. (2009). Effects of task-oriented circuit class training on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 40, 2450–2459.Google Scholar
Wiedenbauer, G. and Jansen-Osmann, P. (2007). Mental rotation ability of children with spina bifida: what influence does manual rotation training have? Developmental Neuropsychology, 32, 809–824.Google Scholar
Wohlschlaeger, A. and Wohlschlaeger, A. (1998). Mental and manual rotation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 24, 397–412.Google Scholar
Yang, Y.-R., Chen, Y.-C., Lee, C.-S., Cheng, S.-J., and Wang, R.-Y. (2007). Dual-task-related gait changes in individuals with stroke. Gait and Posture, 25, 185–190.Google Scholar