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² According to William Manger when the Commercial Bureau was under the United States Secretaryof State, it was more like an American agency than an international organization. See Pan America in Crisis: The Future of the OAS (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1961), p. 33Google Scholar.

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⁴ See Boutros-Ghali, B., Contribution á l' étude des ententes régionales (Paris: A. Pédone, 1949), p. 8Google Scholar.

⁵ Claude, p. 9.

⁶ Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (2 vols; New York: Macmillan, 1948), Vol. II, p. 1646Google Scholar.

⁷ McNeill, William Hardy, America, Britain and Russia (London: OUP, 1953), p. 323Google Scholar. Subsequently, when out of power Churchill called for European unity, but it was never completely dear what he meant by “unity” or how he saw Britain's relation to it. Nor did his actions upon his return to power clarify the issue.

⁸ See Wood, Bryce, The Making of the Good Neighbour Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961)Google Scholar.

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¹² For instance, the longest distance between the capitals of Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) members (11,500 miles) is only slightly less dian the longest distance between the capitals of UN Members (12,400 miles). We shall refer to such organizations as “quasi-regional”.

¹³ Whitaker, p. 155.

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¹⁶ Hassner, Pierre, Change and Security in Europe. Part I: The Background (Adelphi Paper, No. 46) (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, 02 1968), p. 2Google Scholar.

¹⁷ See Claude, ,International Conciliation, No. 547Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Vandenberg, p. 189.

¹⁹ See International Herald Tribune, September 14–15, 1968.

Secretary of State Dean Rusk said last night that the Soviet Union, through military force, had established and maintained a “sphere of dominance” in Eastern Europe. He made the statement in categorically denying again that the U.S. government ever had any “spheres of influence” agreement or understanding with Moscow.

²⁰ See Slater, Jerome, “The Limits of Legitimization in International Organizations: The Organization of American States and the Dominican Crisis,” International Organization, Winter 1969 (Vol. 23, No. 1), pp. 48–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²¹ For an argument that spheres of influence are becoming obsolete see Wohlstetter, Albert, “Illusions of Distance,” Foreign Affairs, 01 1968 (Vol. 46, No. 2), p. 250CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² See Dreier, John C., “New Wine and Old Bottles: The Changing Inter-American System,” International Organization, Spring 1968 (Vol. 22, No. 2), p. 485CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ Furniss, Edgar S. Jr, “A Re-examination of Regional Arrangements,” Journal of International Affairs, 1955 (Vol. 9, No. 2), pp. 80–81Google Scholar.

²⁴ See Halle, Louis, The Cold War as History (London: Chatto and Windus, 1967), p. 304Google Scholar.

²⁵ see Singh, Lalita Prasad, The Politics of Economic Cooperation in Asia: A Study of Asian International Organizations (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1966), pp. 9–11Google Scholar. I am also indebted to Robert Denham for the research on this point.

²⁶ See Russett, Bruce M., “The Asia Rimland as a ‘Region’ for Containing China,” in Public Policy, ed. by Montgomery, John D. and Hirschman, Albert O., Vol. 16 (1967), pp. 226–249Google Scholar.

²⁷ Rostow, , Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 57, No. 1464, p. 69Google Scholar.

²⁸ Fox, William T. R. and Fox, Annette B., NATO and the Range of American Choice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 125Google Scholar.

²⁹ See Osgood, Robert E., Alliances and American Foreign Policy (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), p. 52Google Scholar.

³⁰ There may be some areas where local regional military alliances will be politically acceptable and might gain legitimacy through formation of a regional organization. See, for example, recent discussionsbetween Australia, New Zealand, and Malaysia. (The Economist, 03 1, 1969 [Vol. 230, No. 6549], p. 28.)Google Scholar

³¹ See Nye, Joseph S., “Comparative Regional Integration: Concept and Measurement,” International Organization,Autumn 1968 (Vol. 22, No. 4), pp. 855–880Google Scholar; and Nye, Joseph S., (ed.), International Regionalism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968)Google Scholar.

³² In general, development has been conceived of primarily in its economic dimensions. For some evidence that regional organization can have an effect on “political development” as well see Nye, J. S., “Regional Integration and Political Development,” International Development Review, 09 1967 (Vol. 9, No. 3), pp. 17–19Google Scholar.

³³ For details see van der Beugel, Ernst H., From Marshall Aid to Atlantic Partnership: EuropeanIntegration as a Concern of American Foreign Policy (Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1966)Google Scholar.

³⁴ Eisenhower allegedly told a cabinet meeting in 1953,

You know, we sit here and talk, all too rarely, about one commodity in one country, out of all the American republics. Yet when we speak of the affairs of Europe, we talk on a totally different level. Unity, unity, unity: we say it over and over. And we think back to Charlemagne. … But what is true for one continent should be just as true for another.

(Quoted in Hughes, Emmet John, The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years [New York: Athencum, 1963], p. 145.)Google Scholar

³⁵ See Wagner, Robert Harrison, “Latin America and the Economic Policies of the United States” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1966), pp. 256–293Google Scholar.

³⁶ See Nye, Joseph S. Jr, “Central American Regional Integration,” International Conciliation, 03 1967 (No. 562), pp. 50–57Google Scholar. Three-fourths of United States aid to the area remained bilateral. See also Cochrane, James D., “United States Attitudes Toward Central American Economic Integration,” Inter American Economic Affairs, Autumn 1964 (Vol.18, No. 2), pp. 73–91Google Scholar.

³⁷ Wionczek, Miguel S., “Latin American Integration and United States Economic Policies,” in Gregg, Robert W. (ed.), International Organization in the Western Hemisphere (Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 1968), pp. 91–156Google Scholar. He cites United States resistance to regional shipping and payments schemes as examples. See also Mitchell, Christopher, “Common Market—The Future of a Commitment: Punta del Este and After,” Inter-American Economic Affairs, Winter 1967 (Vol. 21, No. 3), pp. 73–87Google Scholar.

³⁸ Edward M. Korry, former Ambassador to Ethiopia, was commissioned by President Johnson to recommend how AID could contribute more effectively to African development.

³⁹ See Astrachan, Anthony, “AID Reslices the Pie,”Africa Report, 07 1967 (Vol. 12, No. 6), pp.8–15Google Scholar. See also Smith, Robert S., “New AID Policies for Africa,” Foreign Service Journal, 02 1968 (Vol. 45, No. 2), pp. 16–19Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Geyelin, Philip, Lyndon B. Johnson and the World (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), pp. 276–278Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Rostow, W. W., ”The Role of Emerging Nations in World Politics,” Department of State Bulletin, 04 5, 1965, p. 495. (Address made at the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, West Germany, March 15, 1965.)Google Scholar

⁴² See Hansen, Roger, Central American Regional Integration and Economic Development (Studies in Development Progress, No. 1) (Washington: National Planning Association, 1967), Chapter VGoogle Scholar.

⁴³ Montgomery, John, “Regionalism in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Case of Southeast Asia” (Paper prepared for the Wingspread Symposium on Southeast Asia, 09 1965)Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ See Raúl, Sácz S., “The Nine Wise Men and the Alliance for Progress,” International Organization, Winter 1968 (Vol. 22, No. 1), pp. 244–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also see The New York Times, May 14, 1967:

The Guinean President made clear his opposition to multilateral or regional aid concepts….

He said this would subject him to economic neo-colonialism by the former colonial powers, particularly France.

⁴⁵ For details see Nye, Joseph S., International Regional Organizations (Boston: Little, Brown, forthcoming)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ See Dreier, , International Organization, Vol. 22, No. 2Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs,Hearings, on H. R. 7099, Foreign Assistance Act of 1967, 90th Congress, 1st Session, May 4, 1967, p. 855.

⁴⁸ Witness, for example, the 1968 resolution of the Honduras/El Salvador border incident. See Visión, August 2, 1968.

⁴⁹ Although an ironic sequel to the United States proposal in 1957 of a Middle Eastern development bank was that the United States finally gave in on its resistance to creation of a similar instrument inthis hemisphere. See Dreier, John C., The Organization of American States and the Hemisphere Crisis (New York: Harper & Row [for the Council on Foreign Relations], 1962)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ See Kaiser, Karl, “The U.S. and the EEC in the Atlantic System: The Problem of Theory,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 07 1967 (Vol. 5, No. 3), p. 413Google Scholar; also Ball, George W., The Disciplineof Power: Essentials of a Modern World Structure (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), Chapter XVGoogle Scholar.

⁵¹ Johnson, , “Four Fundamental Facts of our Foreign Policy,” Department of State Bulletin, 09 26, 1966 (Vol. 55, No. 1422), p. 453Google Scholar. (Address made at Lancaster, Ohio, September 5, 1966.)

⁵² Hoffmann, Stanley, Gulliver's Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (Atlantic Policy Studies) (New York: McGraw-Hill [for the Council on Foreign Relations], 1968), p. 67Google Scholar.

⁵³ See for example Hanreider, Wolfram F., “The International System: Bipolar or Multibloc?,” Journalof Conflict Resolution 09 1965 (Vol. 9, No. 3), pp. 299–308Google Scholar; R. N. Rosecrance, “Bipolarity, Mulripolarity, and the Future,”ibid., September 1966 (Vol. 10, No. 3), pp. 314–327; Young, Oran R., “Political Discontinuities in the International System,” World Politics, 04 1968 (Vol. 20, No. 3) pp. 369–392Google Scholar ; Hoffmann.

⁵⁴ Hoffmann, p. 65.

⁵⁵ See Waltz, Kenneth, “The Stability of a Bipolar World,” Daedalus, Summer 1964 (Vol. 93, No. 3), pp. 881–909Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Wohlstetter, , Foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 2, p. 250Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ SeeThe Implications of Military Technology in the 1970's (Adelphi Paper, No. 46) (London: Institute for Strategic Studies, 03 1968)Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Speech to Foreign Policy Association, New York, May 1968.

⁵⁹ Wohlstetter, ,foreign Affairs, Vol. 46, No. 2, p. 252Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ See Curzon, Gerard, Multilateral Commerical Diplomacy: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its Impact on National Commercial Policies and Techniques (London: Michael Joseph, 1965), Chapter IXGoogle Scholar.

⁶¹ For examples of the latter type of demand see Clark, J. W., Economic Regionalism and the Americas (New Orleans, La: Hauser Press, 1961)Google Scholar.

⁶² See Montgomery, John D., “The Political Decay of Foreign Aid,” Yale Review, Autumn 1967 (Vol. 57. No. 1). PP. 1–15Google Scholar.

⁶³ Chapter VIII of the Charter is entitled “Regional Arrangements.”