Jurisdiction — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Personal jurisdiction over defendants — Merits — United States Constitution — Power of federal courts restricted to cases and controversies — Litigant must have suffered or been threatened with injury traceable to defendant — Dispute must be live at time of courts’ consideration — Parties must have concrete interest in outcome — Circumstances under which cases moot — Availability of partial remedy — Whether rescuing case from mootness

Treaties — Interpretation — Object and purpose — Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 1980 — Object and purpose — Country of habitual residence — Return orders — Re-return orders — Power of District Court to reverse return order — Necessity of expediting orders — Conditions for granting stays — Best interests of child

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United States domestic law — United States Constitution — International Child Abduction Remedies Act 1988 — Child custody — Abrogating Bekier v. Bekier — The law of the United States