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The Priest of the Proletarians: Parisian Café Owners and the Working Class, 1820–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

W. Scott Haine
W. Scott Haine
Affiliation:
The American University
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Abstract

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Type
Drinking and the Working Class
Information
International Labor and Working-Class History , Volume 45 , Spring 1994 , pp. 16 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © International Labor and Working-Class History, Inc. 1994

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References

NOTES

1. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu provided one of the classic formulations of the idea of the café mas the church of the working class. For an excellent overview of the question, see pierrard, Pierre, L'eglise et les ouvriers en France 1840–1940 (Paris, 1984), 58–62.Google ScholarLeyret, Henri, en plein faubourg: moeurs ouvrières (Paris,1895), 17.Google Scholar A writer in L'illustration, echoing the sentiments of Henri Leyret, believed that if one wanted to find the typical worker of Paris going about his or her ordinary life then they should go to a café See Pierre Audebrand, “Courrier de Paris”, L'illustration 18 (April 1873): 243.

2. Ross, Ellen, “Sociabilité of Workers and the Working class on comparative Perspective, 1850–1950’, International Labour and Working-Class History 29 (Spring 1986): 107.Google Scholar

3. Caron, Pierre, Paris pendant la terreur: Rapports des agent secrets du Ministre de l'Intérieur, 4 vols. (Paris, 1910), vol. 3 188.Google Scholar

4. Elaine Kruse, “Men in Support of Women's Rights: Witnesses for Divorces in Revolutionary Paris” (unpublished paper, 1984), 7–10.

5. Pannetier, Odette, Plasirs forcés étuité, cited in Giraud, Robert, L'argot du bistrot (Paris, 1989), 148;Google Scholar it was also during the same period that the counter made its appearance in England. See Clark, Peter, The English Alehouse: A Social History 1200–1830 (London, 1983), 276.Google Scholar

6. Physiologie des cafés de Paris (Paris, 1841), 27–28;Google Scholar and Leon, and Maurice, Bonneff, Marchands de folie, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1913), 6.Google Scholar

7. Rousseau, James, “Les barrières et les guinguettes”, in Nouveau tableau de Paris aux XIXe siècle (Paris, 1834), vol. 5, 286.Google Scholar

8. Archives Départmentales de la Seine et de al Ville de Paris (ADS), D3U6#46, affaire Ribouillard et al.

9. In one case this was Alsace. See ADS, D2U6#11, affaire Provost.

10. ADS, D2U6#79, affaire Bourre.

11. Gaboriau, Emile, Caught in the Net (New York, 1913), 54.Google Scholar

12. Duleix, L. “Réglementation des déglementation des débitants des boisssons” (Paris, 1908), quoting the prominent politician Jules Siegfried and emient economist Charles Gide, 30, 114.Google Scholar

13. Paulian, Louis, Beggars in Paris, trans. Herschell, Lady (New York, 1897), 20.Google Scholar

14. ADS, D2U8#51, affaire Palat.

15. ADS, D2U6#1, affaire Barrois.

16. Michel, Francisque and Fournier, Edouard, Les hotelleries et les cabarets en France depuis la fin du xvi siècle à nos jours (Paris, 1859), 400.Google Scholar

17. de Kock, Paul, “Restaurants et cartes de restaurants”, in Nouveau tableau de Paris aux XIXe siècle, vol. 4, 78.Google Scholar

18. See Balzac's short story “Facino Cane” for a detailed description of a wedding celebration in a working-class café. de Balzac, Honoré, Selected Short Stories, trans. Raphel, Sylvia (New York, 1977), 237–42.Google Scholar

19. Zola noted the manner in which café owners turned their shops into café concerts: “The café-concert was on the Boulevard de Rochechouart. It had been a small café and had been enlarged by adding a wooden extension built Out into the back yard”. L'assommoir, trans. Tancock, Leonard (New York, 1970), 265.Google Scholar

20. Faure, Alain, Paris carême-prenant: Du carnaval à Paris au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1978), 146–50.Google Scholar

21. Ibid., 46–150; and Rearick, Charles, Pleasures of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment & Festivity in Turn-of-the Century France (New Haven. 1985), 23. Rearick notes that in the period 1890–1914 café owners contributed much organization to the national holiday of July 14.Google Scholar

22. “Courrier de Paris”, L'illustration, 17 07 1886, 43.Google Scholar

23. “Echos à travers Paris”, Le Figaro, 14 07 1909.Google Scholar

24. Berlanstein, Lenard, The Working People of Paris (Baltimore, 1984), 127–29;Google Scholar Rearick, Pleasures of the Belle Epoque, 201.

25. Jacquemet, Gérard, Belleville au XIXe siècle: du faubourg à la ville (Paris, 1984), 108.Google Scholar

26. Lazare, Louis, Etudes municipales. Les quartiers pauvres de Paris (Paris, 1869), 45.Google Scholar

27. Les associations professionnelles ouvrières (APO) (Paris, 1894–1904), vol. I, 455.Google Scholar

28. Gossez, Rémi, ed., Un ouvrier en 1820: Manuscrit inédit de Jacques Etienne Bédé (Paris, 1984), 275, 284, 299n.Google Scholar

29. Michael D. Sibalis, “The Paris Carpenters: 1789–1848” (unpublished paper, 1987). 8, 13.

30. There is abundant evidence in APO, vol. 4, 320.

31. Ibid., vol.3, 24; and vol.4, 85–89.

32. Wergeland, Agnes Mathilde, History of the Working Classes in France. A Review of Levasseur's Histoire des classes ouriers … avant 1789 (Chicago, 1916), 130.Google Scholar

33. APO, vol. 1, 708–12.

34. The prefect reported that there was “much activity at barrières: ouvriers filateurs of faubourg Saint Antoine plan to meet tomorrow, Monday, at the barrière du Trone”. Archives Nationales, F7 3884, Reports of Prefect of Police of Paris to the King and the Minister of the Interior, 29 August 1830. In addition, see ibid., 31 August 1830.

35. Faure, Alain, “Mouvements populaires et mouvement ouvrier à Paris (1830–1834)”, Le mouvement social 88 (07–09 1974): 63.Google Scholar

36. Girard, Louis, La Deuxieme Republique et le Second Empire, 1848–1870 (Paris, 1981), 401.Google Scholar

37. ADS, D3U6#46, affaire Ribouillard et al.

38. Ibid., affaire Jules Brantgen.

39. Archives de la Prefecture de la Police (Paris) (APP), BA 115, report of 3 February 1906.

40. Ibid., report of 18 February 1906.

41. Ibid., 25 February 1906.

42. Ibid., report of 29 March 1906.

43. Ibid., report of 3 April 1906.

44. Ibid., report of 14 September 1906; and report of 20 September 1906.

45. Ibid., report of 16 September 1906.

46. Ibid., report of 12 May 1906.

47. Ibid., report of 7 October 1906.

48. Article on salon of 1895 in L'illustration, 27 April 1895, 10.

49. ADS, D3U6#30, affaire Hube.

50. Ibid., D2U6#75, affaire Desvignes, Aubertin, et Denis. In addition D2U6#65, affaire Bordet, provides another example of a proffered glass of wine used as a peace offer.

51. Ibid., D3U6#101, affaire Perchet. He is called a “meneur”.

52. In a daily report of the prefect of police to the minister of the interior, 8 July 1876, APP, BA 87, 3.

53. ADS, D3U6#46, affaire Ribouillard et al.

54. APP, BA 88, daily report of the Prefect of police to the Minister of the Interior, 21 October 1879 3.

55. ADS, D3U6#24, affaire Fumat et al., and Louiche et Roucette; #28, affaire Toussaint.

56. Ibid., D3U6#30, affaire Hube et al.

57. Ibid., D3U6#28, affaire Toussaint.

58. Ibid., D3U6#33, affaire Pintenat et al.

59. Ibid., D2U6#162, affaire Puccini.

60. Ibid., D2U6#169, affaire Gallois.

61. “L'insecurité des débitants’, Les annales antialcooliques: Journal mensuel de vulgarisation et d'études, 04, 1912, 247.Google Scholar

62. See Prestwich, Patricia E., Drink and the Politics of Social Reform: Antialcoholism in France Since 1870 (Palo Alto, Calif., 1988), 75–107 on the lack of any sustained national effort on the part of the French Left.Google Scholar

63. Roberts, James S., Drink, Temperance and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Boston, 1984), 85–99.Google Scholar

64. In Marchands de folie, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1913), 12, the Bonneff brothers argued that the limitation of cafés was an important step, but only a first one, in combatting working-class alcoholism.Google Scholar See Parti socialiste, Section française de l'internationale ouvriere, 9e Congès national tenu à Lyons, les 18, 19, 20, et 21 février 1912 (Paris, n. d.), 275–87 for earlier statements and 292–93 for Guesde.Google Scholar