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Rice crop loss from insect pests in wetland and dryland environments of Asia with emphasis on the Philippines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

J. A. Litsinger ,
B. L. Canapi ,
J. P. Bandong ,
C. G. Dela Cruz ,
R. F. Apostol ,
P. C. Pantua ,
M. D. Lumaban ,
A. L. Alviola III ,
F. Raymundo  and
E. M. Libetario
...Show all authors
J. A. Litsinger
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
B. L. Canapi
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
J. P. Bandong
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
C. G. Dela Cruz
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
R. F. Apostol
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
P. C. Pantua
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
M. D. Lumaban
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
A. L. Alviola III
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
F. Raymundo
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
E. M. Libetario
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
M. E. Loevinsohn
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
R. C. Joshi
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
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Abstract

Yield losses from insect pests were determined by the insecticide check method in 60 crops in the Philippines from 1976–1986 in three rice environments with traditional and modern cultivars in 10 sites. Plot size of 100 m2 minimized interplot interference from insecticide protection on untreated plots. Low and high crop losses were recorded across sites in drylands (2–39%, = 25%), rainfed wetlands (13–24%, = 21%), and irrigated wetlands (5–40%, = 18%). Weighted crop loss for the Philippines based on production by environment and cultivar type averaged 18.3% or 0.57 t/ha per crop. Consistently greater yield loss occurred in the vegetative (50%) than reproductive (30%) or ripening (20%) stages across environments and cultivars. No epidemics affected the trials therefore crop losses were those from chronic pests. The major chronic pests in the wetlands were stem borers, leaffolders, whorl maggot, and rice bug; and in the drylands were ants, seedling maggots, white grubs, leaffolders, stem borers and rice bug. Yield loss variability was greater between fields than crops or sites, therefore a control strategy based on corrective actions when pest numbers reach threshold levels is more efficient than prophylactic actions. Yield loss was more in early maturing cultivars stressing the importance of compensation in tolerating insect damage. Insect stresses perhaps can be compensated by total crop management to increase the plant's ability to tolerate insect damage.

Résumé

Les pertes de rendement de cultivars modernes et traditionnels, dues aux ravageurs, ont été évaluées de 1976 à 1986 aux Philippines, par comparaison avec des traitements insecticides, lors de 60 cycles culturaux dans dix sites correspondant à trois situations agroécologiques rizicoles. L'utilisation de parcelles de 100 m2 a permis de minimiser l'interférence entre parcelles traitées et non traitées.

Les pertes de rendement observées ont varié de 2 à 39% (moyenne: 25%) en riziculture sèche, de 13 à 24% (moyenne: 21%) en riziculture aquatique et de 5 à 40% (moyenne: 18%) en riziculture aquatique irriguée.

Les pertes de rendement observées pour les différentes situations agroécologiques et cultivars se sont réparties autour d'une moyenne de 18% correspondant à 0.57 t/ha. Les pertes au cours de la phase végétative (50%) ont été régulièrement plus élevées que lors de la phase reproductive (30%) ou de maturation (20%).

Etant donné qu'aucune épidémie de ravageurs n'a été observée au cours de l'étude, les pertes de rendements sont attribuables aux ravageurs endémiques. Les plus importants sont: (1) la chenille foreuse des tiges, la chenille tordeuse des feuilles, la mouche des feuilles, et la punaise coreide en riziculture aquatique; (2) les fourmis, la mouche des plantules, les larves blanches (white grubs), la chenille tordeuse des feuilles et la punaise coreide en riziculture sèche.

La variabilité des pertes de rendement observée entre les différents champs d'essai a été supérieure à celle observée entre les types de cultures et les situations agroécologiques évaluées.

Une stratégie de contrôle des ravageurs fondée sur la détermination des seuils critiques des populations est plus efficace que des actions prophylactiques.

Les pertes de rendement plus élevés observées avec les cultivars précoces mettent en évidence l'importance de l'aptitude de la plante à compenser les dommages des ravageurs.

Les pratiques culturales qui augmentent la tolérance de la plante aux ravageurs pourraient compenser la pression de ces derniers.

Keywords

Riceoutbreakcrop lossmultiple pest stresscrop loss assessmentinsecticide check methodirrigated wetlandrainfed wetlanddrylandwhorl maggotHydrellia philippinastem borersScirpophaga incertulasleaffoldersCnaphalocrocis medinalisMarasmia patnalisrice bugLeptocorisa oratoriusdefoliatorsNaranga aenescensRivula atimetaNymphula depunctalisantswhite grubsseedling maggotAlherigona oryzae
Type
Symposium VI: Economie Impact of Insects in the Tropics
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 8 , Issue 4-5-6: Recent Advances in Research on Tropical Entomology , December 1987 , pp. 677 - 692
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1987

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