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⁹ In the 1950s regarding France, for example, some fought for full equality within the empire: Cooper, Fredrick, Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and Africa, 1945–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017)Google Scholar; Lawrence, Adria, Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹³ Specifically, see Mark, James A. and Apor, Peter, “Socialism Goes Global: Decolonization and the Making of a New Culture of Internationalism in Socialist Hungary 1956-1989,” Journal of Modern History 87, no. 4 (2015): 852–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Katherine McGregor, “Opposing Colonialism: The Women's International Democratic Federation and Decolonisation Struggles in Vietnam and Algeria 1945-1965,” Women's History Review 25, no. 4 (2016): 925–44; and also Marung, Steffi, “The Provocation of Empirical Evidence: Soviet African Studies between Enthusiasm and Discomfort,” African Identities 16, no. 2 (2018): 176–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar. More broadly, see Engerman, David, “The Second World's Third World,” Kritika 12:1 (2011): 183–211Google Scholar; Burton, Eric, ed., “Socialisms in Development,” special issue of Austrian Journal of Development Studies XXXIII, no. 3 (2017)Google Scholar; and Fritz Taubert, “La décolonisation comme problème de l'histoire des Relations internationales: La guerre d'Algérie et les pays de l'Est,” Outre-Mers 98/373-374 (2011): 45–62. See also the literature on the global 1960s: Jian Chen; Martin Klimke; Masha Kirasirova; Mary Nolan; Marilyn Blatt Young; Joanna Waley-Cohen, eds., The Routledge Handbook of the Global Sixties: Between Protest and Nation-building (London: Routledge, 2018); and the journal The Sixties.

¹⁴ However, see also Maurice M. Labelle, “Tensions of Decolonization: Lebanon, West Africans, and a Color Line within the Global Color Line, May 1945,” Radical History Review 131 (2018): 36–57; colonized attempts to draw a white/non-white color line, reach back deep into the colonial period: Rey, Carina, “Decrying White Peril: Interracial Sex and the Rise of Anticolonial Nationalism in the Gold Coast,” American Historical Review 119, no. 1 (2014): 78–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁷ James Brennan, “Radio Cairo and the Decolonization of East Africa, 1953–64,” in Making a World after Empire, 173–95; Ismael, Tareq, The U.A.R. in Africa: Egypt's Policy under Nasser (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Lefebvre, Jeffrey, “The United States and Egypt: Confrontation and Accommodation in Northeast Africa, 1956–60,” Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 2 (1993): 321–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Byrne, Jeffrey, Mecca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ Goebel, Michael, Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; George M. Roberts, “Politics, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar es Salaam c.1965–72” (PhD diss. University of Warwick, 2016); Zoe LeBlanc is working on a dissertation on Cairo.

¹⁹ Reem Abou-El-Fadl, “Building Egypt's Afro-Asian Hub: Infrastructures of Solidarity and the 1957 Cairo Conference,” Journal of World History30:1-2 (2019): 157–92.

²⁰ Pedersen, Susan, The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Connelly, Diplomatic Revolution; O'Malley, Alanna, The Diplomacy of Decolonisation: America, Britain and the United Nations during the Congo Crisis 1960–1964 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jennifer Foray, “Go Fight Us in New York: The United Nations and the Origins of Postwar Decolonization,” lecture, Graduate Institute Geneva, 14 November 2017.

²¹ The most prolific proponents of this understanding of decolonization are historians of the British Empire such as William Roger Louis who edits The Oxford History of the British Empire. See also Louis, William Roger, Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization: Collected Essays (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006)Google Scholar; Smith, Simon, Ending Empire in the Middle East (London: Routledge, 2012)Google Scholar. A fresh look, turning around the concept of (divergent US and British) mental maps, is Husain, Aiyaz, Mapping the End of Empire: American and British Strategic Visions in the Postwar World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014)Google Scholar. For recent critiques of the political literature on decolonization, see Takriti, Abdel Razzaq, “Colonial Coups and the War on Popular Sovereignty,” The American Historical Review 124, no. 3 (2019): 878–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Abou-El-Fadl, “Building Egypt's Afro-Asian Hub.” The now classic treatment of the role of decolonizing and postcolonial countries in the Cold War is Westad, Odd Arne, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. More recent interventions include Duara, Prasenjit, “The Cold War as a Historical Period: An Interpretive Essay,” Journal of Global History 6, no. 3 (2011): 457–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McMahon, Robert, ed., The Cold War in the Third World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; Leslie, James and Leake, Elisabeth, eds., Decolonization and the Cold War: Negotiating Independence (New York: Bloomsbury, 2015)Google Scholar.

²² The standard on the topic is: Dawisha, Adeed, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003)Google Scholar. For a recent rethinking of this field see: Wien, Peter, Arab Nationalism: The Politics of History and Culture in the Modern Middle East (London: Routledge, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ The bibliography on nationalism is enormous and cannot be cited in full here. See for instance, “Relocating Arab Nationalism: Special Issue,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 2, May 2011: 203–312.

²⁴ For instance, Immerman, Richard H. and Goedde, Petra, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For transnational history more generally, see Saunier, Pierre-Yves, Transnational History (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Iriye, Akira and Saunier, Pierre-Yves, eds., The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ The common usage is ma ba‘d al-kulunyaliyya, which is, essentially, post-colonialism or, in its earlier iteration, the period right after colonialism.

²⁶ A point expanded on in Schayegh, Cyrus, “The Mandates and/as Decolonization,” in The Routledge Handbook of the History of the Middle East Mandates, ed. idem and Arsan, Andrew (London: Routledge, 2015), 412–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁸ As both had been British ruled, their trajectories may be compared to the five British colonies that were formally separate members of the League of Nations from its start: South Africa, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India.

²⁹ The Pan American Union dates back to 1890, sure, but the imperial United States was central to it. (Then again, as already noted, Britain had a hand in founding the Arab League.)

³⁰ Dietrich, Oil Revolution.

³¹ For a conceptualization, using British cases, see Takriti, “Colonial Coups.”

³² Brennan, “Radio Cairo.” Related, see Fink, Carole et al. , eds., 1956: European and Global Perspectives (Leipzig: Leipziger Uni-Verlag, 2006)Google Scholar; Laron, Guy, Origins of the Suez Crisis: Postwar Development Diplomacy and the Struggle over Third World Industrialization, 1945–1956 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

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³⁴ James Le Sueur, Uncivil War: Intellectuals and Identity Politics during the Decolonization of Algeria (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001); Kalter, Christoph, The Discovery of the Third World: Decolonization and the Rise of the New Left in France c. 1950–1976 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Imlay, Talbot, “International Socialism and Decolonization during the 1950s: Competing Rights and the Postcolonial Order,” American Historical Review 118, no. 4 (2013): 1105–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³⁶ Thomas and Thompson, “Introduction,” 4–5. There were feedbacks between regionalizing and globalizing effects, too. See e.g. Abou-El-Fadl, Reem, “Neutralism Made Positive: Egyptian Anticolonialism on the Road to Bandung,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 2 (2015): 1–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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