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‘A State of Wretchedness and Impotence’: A British View of Istanbul and Turkey, 1919

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Abe Attrep
Abe Attrep
Affiliation:
Louisiana Technical University Ruston, Louisiana
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Extract

No major Allied Power contributed more men and more money td the defeat of the Ottoman Empire than Great Britain. No major Allied Power championed more zealously the cause of Greek ambitions in Asia Minor than Great Britain. No major Allied Power witnessed the despoliation of its peace objectives for non-Arabic Turkey with greater frustration than Great Britain. Between the drafting of the Armistice of Mudros in October, 1918, and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, the catastrophic drift of events was discernible to a number of British statesmen. Tragically, their observations were ignored or rejected by the key British statesman, Lloyd George.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , February 1978 , pp. 1 - 9
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

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References

1 A serious but highly sympathetic study of Mustafa Kemal presented by an Englishman is Kinross, Lord, Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey (New York: William Morrow, 1965).Google Scholar

2 Two recent and thorough works that deal with the Allies and the Greco-Turkish crisis are C. Helmreich, Paul, From Paris to Sévres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974),Google Scholar and Llewellyn Smith, Michael, lonian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor (New York: St. Martin Press, 1973).Google Scholar

3 Curzon to Kennard (Rome), 22 October 1919, Woodward, E. L. and Butler, Rohan, eds., Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952), first series, IV, 838.Google Scholar

4 Admiral Richard Webb to SirGraham, R., 28 06 1919,Google Scholaribid., pp. 655–656.

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12 ibid., I, 132–136; Appendix H to despatch 70, ibid., pp. 879–880; ibid., II, 130 231. In typical fashion, the French and Italians delayed recognition of Milne's command, ibid., II, 143.

13 Memorandum by Hohler, in despatch 578, ibid., IV, 854.

14 Calthrope left Istanbul on 26 August 1919, ibid., p. 733.

15 Admiral SirRoebeck, J.de to Curzon, Earl, 11 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 853.

16 Memorandum by Hohier, ibid., p. 855.

17 Webb, Admiral to Curzon, Earl, 8 09 1919,Google Scholaribid., pp. 753–754.

18 British troops had been stationed in Eskiṣehir until 17 September 1919, Admiral Sirde Roebeck, J. to Curzon, Earl, 17 09 1919Google Scholaribid., p. 765. But apparently, shortly after tis date, they were withdrawn; de Roebeck described his refusal to Damad Fend Pasha in a despatch to Curzon data 30 September 1919 (Admiral Sirde Roebeck, J. to Curzon, Earl, 30 09 1919,Google Scholaribid., pp. 785–786).

19 ibid., p. 786 n. 4.

20 ibid., pp. 785–786.

21 SirAdmiral, de Roebeck, J. to Curzon, Earl, 30 09 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 786 n. 7.

22 Damad Fend Pasha asked permission to visit England and France. The Foreign Office replied that he could leave Turkey but should not come to England or France (Webb, Admiral to Curzon, Earl, 8 10 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 789 and n.1)

23 Admiral, Sirde Roebeck, J. to Curzon, Earl, 3 10 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 787.

24 Memorandum of an interview with Kemal Bey in despatch 534, ibid., p. 793.

25 ibid., pp. 802–;810.

26 Sirde Roebeck, J. to Curzon, Earl, 11 11 1919,Google Scholaribid., pp. 873–876.

27 Curzon, Earl to Sirde Roebeck, J., 28 11 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 906; Sirde Roebeck, J. to Curzon, , 12 4, 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 923.

28 Sirde Roebeck, J. to Curzon, Earl, 2 12 1919,Google Scholaribid., p. 915.

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