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The Concepts of Religion and Government in the Thought of Mîrzâ Âqâ Khân Kirmânî, a Ninteenth-Century Persian Revolutionary

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Mangol Bayat Philipp
Affiliation:
Pahlavi UniversityShiraz

Extract

Throughout the history of Iran, a country where religion has been a predominant element in the life of its inhabitants, spiritual restlessness and social malaise expressed themselves in various revolts which were religious in character. From pre–Islamic Iran to nineteenth–century Babism a series of radical sects, considered as heretical and consequently ruthlessly suppressed by the ruling authorities, came into being.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

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References

page 381 note 1 Among the numerous books and articles on this subject see the following. Keddie, Nikki R.: An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamâl ad–Dîn ‘al-Afghânî’ (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968);Google ScholarSayyid Jamâl ad–Dîn ‘al-Afghânî’: A Political Biography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972); ‘Religion and Irreligion in Early Iranian Nationalism’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. IV, no. 3 (April 1962).Google ScholarKedourie, Elie, Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam (London, 1966).Google ScholarPakdaman, Homa, Jamal ed–Din Assad Abadi dit Afghani (Paris, 1969).Google ScholarVasiqi, Sadr, Sayyid Jamâl ad-Dîn Husaynî: Pâyaquzâr-i Nuhzathâ-yi Islâmî (Tehran, 1348).Google Scholar

page 381 note 2 Adamîyyat, Faraydûn, Fikr-i Âzâdî (Tehran, 1340).Google ScholarRabî'zâda, Hâshim, Kulliyât-i Malkam KhÂn (Tehran, 1325).Google ScholarTabâtabâ'î, Muhît, Majmû'a-yi âthâr-i Mîrzâ Malkam KhÂn (Tehran, 1327).Google ScholarAlgar, Hamid, Mîrzâ Malkum KhÂn: A Study in the History of Iranian Modernism (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1973).Google Scholar

page 381 note 3 The only comprehensive Persian work on him is Adamîyyat's, Faraydûn, Andishahâ-yi Mîrzâ Âqâ KhÂn Kirmânî (Tehran, 1967).Google Scholar

page 382 note 1 For a more detailed analysis of Kirmânî's nationalist and revolutionary ideas see my article in Middle Eastern Studies, vol. x, no. 1 (1974), pp. 36–59, and my unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Mirza Aqa Khan Kirmani: a nineteenth century Persian revolutionary thinker (University of California, Los Angeles, 1971).Google Scholar

page 384 note 1 Takvîn va Tashrî'.Google Scholar

page 384 note 2 Ibid.

page 385 note 1 Sa Maktûb, p. 90.Google Scholar

page 385 note 2 Ibid. p. 99.

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page 386 note 2 Ibid.

page 386 note 3 Ibid. no. 32, and in Sa Maktûb, p. 96.

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page 397 note 1 Quoted in Browne, E. G., The Persian Revolution of 1905–1909 (Cambridge,1910), p. 413.Google Scholar

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