¹ On such demonstrations see: Al-Ahram, 15 11 1935;Google ScholarThomas, Russell Pasha, The Egypüan Service (London, 1949), p. 284;Google ScholarJankowski, J., “The Young Egypt Party and Egyptian Nationalism 1933–1945,” PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1967, pp. 82, 93.Google Scholar

² The Times (of London) (hereafter, The Times), 14 11 1935.Google Scholar

³ The Times, 13 11 1935.Google Scholar

⁴ The Times, 16, 20, and 25 11 1935;Google ScholarManchester Guardian, 16, 19, and 20 11 1935.Google Scholar

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⁶ A1-Mukattam, 24 10 1935.Google Scholar

⁷ Namely the Capitulations, the existence of a European directorship alongside the Public Security Department, inadequate military force for the defence of the country, and Egypt's inability to participate in the international concert and the League of Nations. Cf., A.Alraf⊃i, Fi A⊃Rab al Thawrah al Misriya, Vol. II (Cairo, 1947), pp. 206–9;Google ScholarGhurbal, M. S., Tarikh al Mufawadat alMisriya alBritaniya 1882–1936 (Cairo, 1952), pp. 270–272.Google Scholar See also Gibb, H.A., “The Situation in Egypt,” International Affairs, Vol. XV, no. 3, 05–06 1936, p. 361.Google Scholar

⁸ FO 371, 19080. 13 December 1935.

⁹ The Residency referred to the Patriotic Front as the ‘United Front’.

¹⁰ FO 371, 19080, 11 December 1935.

¹¹ Sir Miles Lampson's diary, 24 November 1935 (hereafter cited as L.ampson's diary).

¹² The Union Jack, which had been pulled down and destroyed during the earlier demonstrations, was rehoisted over the British Consular Agent's residence (Manchester Guardian, 31 01 and 1 02 1936).Google Scholar

¹³ The Times, 25 11 1936; Parliamentary Debate, House of Commons, Fifth Series. Vol. 318, Col. 280, speech by Sir Archibald Sinclair.Google Scholar

¹⁴ The Times, 22 01 1936.Google Scholar

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¹⁶ Manchester Guardian, 22 01 and 11 02 1936;Google ScholarThe Times, 11 02 1936.Google Scholar

¹⁷ For such reactions see: Manchester Guardian, 22 01 1936; The Times, 22 01 1936.Google Scholar

¹⁸ F0 371, 20097, 9 January 1936.

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²⁸ Lampson's diary, 8 January 1936.

²⁹ Lampson's correspondence (hereafter cited as Lampson's corres.), Lampson to John Simon, 16 April 1934.

³⁰ FO 371, 20097, 21 January 1936.

³¹ ibid., 30100, 20 February 1936.

³² Lampson's diary, 30 January 1936.

³³ FO 371, 30100, 20 February 1936.

³⁴ Lampson's diary, 6 February 1936.

³⁵ Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 4 March 1936; Manchester Guardian, 3 03 1936.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Royal Institue of International Affairs (hereafter, R.I.I.A.), Survey of International Affairs, 1936, p. 684.

⁴¹ Ghurbal, , Tarikh al Mufawadat, pp. 270, 271;Google Scholar FO 371, 20096, J 265/2/16, 8 January 1936, Lampson, to Eden, ; Manchester Guardian, 7 02 1936.Google Scholar

⁴² FO 371, 20096, J 265/2/16, 8 January 1936.

⁴³ R.I.I.A., Great Britain and Egypt, p. 37.

⁴⁴ FO 371, 20096, J 447/2/16, 16 January 1936, Eden, to Lampson, ; The Times, 11 02 1936.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Manchester Guardian, 23 01 1936; Lampson's diary, 10 February 1936.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ FO 371, J 55/2/16, 31 December 1935; J 265/2/ 16,.8 January 1935.

⁴⁷ ibid., J 58/2/16, 1 January 1936; J 103/2/16, 31 December 1935.

⁴⁸ The Times, 25 11 1936; 5 February 1936; R.I.I.A., Great Britain and Egypt, p. 37.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ FO 371, 20096, 8 January 1936.

⁵¹ Akir Sa⊃a, No. 106, 19 07 1936; Al Mukattam, 31 05 1936.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Lord, Avon, Facing the Dictators (London, 1962), p. 392.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ ibid., 20098, J 1197/2/16, 7 February 1936, Meeting at the Foreign Office with the Committee of Imperial Defence.

⁵⁶ Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 4 March 1936.

⁵⁷ FO 371, 20096, 8 January 1936.

⁵⁸ Lampson's corres., Lampson to Neville Chamberlain, 28 February 1936; Lampson to Major-General Ruthven, 29 February 1936.

⁵⁹ FO 371, 20101, J 2188/2/16,5 March 1936, Lampson to Eden; 20098, J 1219/2/16,8 February 1936, Lampson to Eden.

⁶⁰ ibid., 20101, 5 March 1936; 20097, 17 January 1936, Lampson to Eden.

⁶¹ ibid., 20098, 8 February 1936. Lampson to Eden; Lampson's diary, 7 February 1936.

⁶² Akir Sa⊃a, No. 624, 25 09 1936.Google Scholar

⁶³ For such reactions see: FO 371, 20101, J 2224/2/16 No. 74, 10 March 1936; ibid., 20102, J 2402/2/10, 17 March 1936.

⁶⁴ ibid., 20103, 9 April 1936, Lampson to Eden.

⁶⁵ ibid., 20110, J 5160/2/16, No. 151, 1 June 1936.

⁶⁶ ibid., 20108, J 4750/2/16, No. 138, 26 May 1936.

⁶⁷ Great Britain and the East, 2 04 1936.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Makram, Ebeid, Muhadarafi at Jami⊃ah al Misriya (Cairo, 1936), p. 46; Lampson's diary, 16 March 1936; FO 371, 20102, 16 March 1936.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Lampson's diary, 20 February 1934; Lampson's corres., Lancelot Oliphant to Lampson, 5 March 1934.

⁷⁰ ibid., Burnett-Stuart to Lampson, 3 April 1934.

⁷¹ ibid.

⁷² ibid., Newall to Lampson, 12 April 1934; Lampson's diary, 13 March 1934.

⁷³ Lampson's corres., Lampson to John Simon, 16 April 1934.

⁷⁴ The new G.O.C., Weir, who replaced Burnett-Stuart, claimed that the latter might have been influenced in his opinion by a slight personal bias against the General Staff and especially the Chief of the General Staff. Lampson's diary, 14 and 30 April 1934.

⁷⁵ Lampson's corres., Major-General Ruthven to Lampson, 23 February 1936.

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⁷⁷ ibid.

⁷⁸ FO 371, 20098, J 1197/2/16. 7 February 1936, Eden to Lampson.

⁷⁹ ibid., 20108, 26 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

⁸⁰ The Times, 2 03 1936.Google Scholar

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⁸³ See an article in Great Britain and the East, “Lack of Military Experts,” 19 03 1936.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ For a detailed account on Aziz El Masri see: Majid, Khadduri, Arab Contemporaries (U.S., 1973), pp. 7–18;Google ScholarMajid, Khadduri, “Aziz Au and the Arab nationalist Movement,” Middle Eastern Affairs, St. Antony's papers, No. 17 (London, 1965); FO 37 1/23362, Personality Reports; Mohammed Sobaih, Batalla Na⊃nsah, (Beirut, n.d.).nGoogle Scholar

⁸⁵ Lampson's diary, 12 May 1936.

⁸⁶ FO 371, 20102, 17 March 1936; Daily Telegraph, 28 03 1936.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ FO 371, 20103, 31 May 1936; Lampson's diary, 17 March 1936; p. 71.

⁸⁹ FO 371, 20097, 21 January 1936.

⁹⁰ ibid., 20102, J 2351/2/16, No. 88, 26 March 1936, Eden to Lampson.

⁹¹ Lampson's diary, 7 February 1936.

⁹² For the state of the Egyptian army see Cairo Centre of National Documents (hereafter cited as Cmd), Army Reports; reports on rearmament by Major-General Cornwell, Chief of the British Military Mission, Cairo, 16 March 1937.

⁹³ The regular Egyptian army had been disbanded by the Ottoman Khedive after the Urabi revolt. For a detailed account see Abdel-Azim, Ramadan, “Al Jaysh al Misri fi Zil at ihtilal,” Al-Siyasaa at Dawliya, no. 29, 07 1972, pp. 6–26.Google Scholar

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⁹⁷ Lampson's corres., Major-General Ruthven to Lampson, 23 February 1936.

⁹⁸ ibid., Lampson to Major-General Ruthven, 29 February 1936; 5 March 1936.

⁹⁹ Daily Telegraph, 30 01 1936.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Lampson's diary, 20 April 1936.

¹⁰¹ Cmd 8419, Appendix A, p. 7, extract from speech by Nahas Pasha in the Chamber of Deputies, 14 November 1936; The Times, 16 11 1936;Google ScholarMadbatat Majlis al Nu⊃ab, First Session of the Chambers, Cairo, 14 11 1936.Google Scholar

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¹⁰³ FO 371, 20102, J 2471/2/16, No.77,20 March 1936, Lampson to Eden.

¹⁰⁴ ibid., J 2598/2/16, No. 87, 26 March 1936.

¹⁰⁵ Ebeid, , Muhadara, p. 50.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ See Al Balagh, 2 07 1936; Al Siyasa, 26 07 1936.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ According to the estimates of the Minister of Communications, the expenses involving the construction of roads and bridges required for the evacuation of Cairo were £El,591,000. Those for Alexandria were £E398,600. Expenses involving construction of railways were put at £E600,000. Madbatat Majlis Al Nu⊃ab, Second Session of the Chambers, Cairo, 11 1936. Report by the Committee of Foreign Affairs on the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ The advisers at the Residency were of the opinion that the improved communications promised were worth more than the retention, even for an indefinite period of years, of one British battalion in Alexandria. Lampson's diary, 1 April 1936.

¹⁰⁹ Parliamentary Debate, House of Commons, Fifth Series, Vol. 318, Col. 261; Parliamentary Debate, House of Lords, Fifth Series, Vol. 103, speech by the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; The Times, 24 11 1936; R.I.I.A. Survey of Inter. Aff., 1936, p. 693.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁵ FO 371. 20108, J 4619/2/16, No. 133, 21 May 1936, Eden to Lampson.

¹¹⁶ ibid., 20108, J 4750/2/16, 26 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

¹¹⁷ FO 371, 20102, J 2304/2/16, No. 62, 14 March 1936, Lampson to Eden; Madhatat, 11 11 1936;Google ScholarAl Mukauam, 18 06 1936;Google ScholarManchester Guardian, 13 06 1936.Google Scholar

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¹²⁰ Lampson's diary, 28 January 1936.

¹²¹ FO 371, 20102, Tel. No. 223, 17 March 1936, Lampson to Eden; Lampson's diary, 16 March 1936.

¹²² The Times, 6 03 1936; Lampson's diary, 20 January 1936.Google Scholar

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¹²⁵ The Times, 14 11 1935.Google Scholar

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¹³⁰ Under the 1888 Suez Canal Convention, Article IX gave Egypt the primary right to defend the Canal. Turkey was only entitled to cooperate in its defence if Egypt lacked adequate means of defence and called upon Turkey. See Hurewitz, J., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, Vol. 1, pp. 202–205.Google Scholar

¹³¹ FO 371, 20108, No. 134, Eden to Lampson.

¹³² ibid.

¹³³ The British proposal ran as follows: “His Majesty the King of Egypt recognizes that the Suez Canal and adjacent territories while being an integral part of Egypt, form an essential artery of all forms of communications between different parts of the British Empire, the permanent maintenance and protection of which is in the interests of both the High contracting Parties and accordingly authorises His Britannic Majesty to maintain on Egyptian territory in the vicinity of the Canal such forces as His Britannic Majesty considers necessary to ensure the protection of this artery of communications.” FO 371, 20108, J 4619/2/16,21 May 1936, Eden to Lampson.

¹³⁴ Fifth Meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian delegation on 8 April 1930, cited in Al Kadiya Al Masriya. 1882–1952, A Documentary Collection (Cairo, 1952).Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Cmd 3575, Egypt No. 1, 1930.

¹³⁶ FO 371, 20101, J 2304/2/16, No. 62, March 1936.

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¹³⁸ ibid., 21 May 1936, Eden to Lampson.

¹³⁹ Parliamentary Debate, House of Commons, Fifth Series, Vol. 318, Col. 257.

¹⁴⁰ FO 371, 20110, J 5160/2/16, No. 151, 1 June 1936, memorandum by Makram Ebeid covering the right of the defence of the Canal.

¹⁴¹ FO 371, 20109, J 4894/2/16, No. 143, 28 May 1936; 20110, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian conversations committee.

¹⁴² ibid., 20109, J 4894/2/16, No. 143, 28 May 1936; Lampson's diary, 27 May 1936.

¹⁴³ See The Times, 8 04 1936; Lampson's diary, 31 January 1936.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ FO 371, 20109, J 4810/2/16, 26 May 1936.

¹⁴⁵ It was Nahas who defended these two members of the Wafd while he was still practising as a lawyer. Their acquittal, which he secured in 1926, was not accepted by Judge Kershaw, the British member of the bench, who resigned. Lord Lloyd, then High Commissioner, issued a proclamation throughout Egypt stating that the British government would never again negotiate with either of those two. The Times, 2 04 1936.Google ScholarLord, Lloyd, Egypt since Cromer, Vol. 11 (London, 1934), pp. 172–174.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ Lampson's diary, 5 May 1936.

¹⁴⁷ The High Commissioner himself was very critical of the British attitude. Commenting in his Diaries he mentions that over Ireland the British entered into negotiations and eventually signed a treaty with Michael Collins who was responsible for the cold-blooded murders of limitless numbers of British soldiers and civilians in Ireland. ibid., 31 January 1936.

¹⁴⁸ FO 371, 20109, J 4810/2/16, 26 May 1936.

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¹⁵¹ FO 371, 20099, 10 February 1936.

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¹⁵⁴ Great Britain and the East, 7 05 1936.Google Scholar

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¹⁶⁴ Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 20 May 1936.

¹⁶⁵ FO 371, 13 May 1936; Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 20 May 1936.

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¹⁷¹ FO 371, 20109, J 4894/2/16, No. 143, 28 May 1936.

¹⁷² ibid., 20107, J 4408/2/16, No. 131, 13 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

¹⁷³ Lampson's corres., Lampson to Campbell, 17 December 1935.

¹⁷⁴ Lampson's diary, 26 May 1936.

¹⁷⁵ Lampson's corres., conclusions of the third meeting of the Cabinet, 15 June 1936.

¹⁷⁶ ibid., Arthur Wauchope to Lampson, 10 August 1936.

¹⁷⁷ See Al Ik wan Al Muslimun, 28 04 1936.Google Scholar

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¹⁸⁰ Lampson's corres., Lampson to Lancelot Oliphant, 11 May 1936.

¹⁸¹ FO 371, 20107, J 4408/2/16, No. 131, 13 May 1936, Lampson to Eden.

¹⁸² ibid., 20110, J 5400/2/16, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian Conversations Committee.

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¹⁸⁸ FO 371, J 1297/2/16, 5 February 1936, minute by Campbell.

¹⁸⁹ The Egyptian press represented both Eden and Lampson as struggling to overcome the influence of the military and their opposition to a settlement which the latter believed would diminish British influence in Egypt. See Akir Sa⊃a, 19 07 1936; Al Musawar, 25 09 1936, Kawkab AlShark, 15 05 1936; The Times, 14 08 1936.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁰ Evans, T.E., ed., The Killearn Diaries, 1934–1946, (London, 1972), pp. 71–72.Google Scholar

¹⁹¹ ibid.

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¹⁹³ Cab. 24, 259, memorandum by the Chairman of the C.I.D., 7 February 1936; Stephen, Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets (London, 1974), Vol. III, p. 244.Google Scholar

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¹⁹⁶ FO 371, 20110, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian Conversations Committee.

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¹⁹⁹ According to a responsible Egyptian officer, the Egyptian army would require £E140 million and a period of not less than 15 years in order to be in condition to assume responsibility for the effective defence of the Canal. Al Musawar, 25 09 1936.Google Scholar

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²¹⁶ FO 371, 20110, 12 June 1936, conclusion of the second meeting of the Anglo–Egyptian Conversations Committee.

²¹⁷ Cab. 24, 262, C.P. 131 (136), 8 May 1936, memorandum by the Foreign Secretary.

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²²⁴ Avon, , Dictators, p. 394.Google Scholar

²²⁵ ibid., p. 393.