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China's Guiding Cases System as the Instrument to Improve China's Case Guidance System, which Includes Both Guiding Cases and Typical Cases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2017

Fengping Gao
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After the Supreme People's Court of China (the “Supreme Court”) issued the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (the “Provisions”), which symbolized the establishment of China's guiding cases system, it attracted worldwide attention. Some institutes, like Stanford, launched programs on China's Guiding Cases. It is of importance to discuss the potential and possibility of establishing China's guiding cases system by promoting the Guiding Cases in the context of ongoing judicial reform. For international practitioners, it is helpful to know the civil jurisdiction where there is case law available as case guidance. Also, China judicial reform has become a keen topic for discussion in U.S.–China relations. “The efficiency and fairness in handling commercial cases and the use of Guiding Cases in the adjudication of commercial [cases]” was one of the key topics discussed during the first dialogue joined by the U.S. Departments of Justice and Commerce.

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Articles
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International Journal of Legal Information , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , November 2017 , pp. 230 - 243
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Copyright © The Author(s) 2017 

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References

2 The terminologies, China's case guidance system, China's guiding cases system, Guiding Cases, and Typical Cases, adopted in this article are in uniformity with both the U.S. Law Journals and China's official transcripts for convenience of international practitioners.

3 Supreme People's Court Monitor, Case Law Chinese Style–where Is It Going? (2015), https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/tag/typical-cases/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

4 Li Yang, 中美举行首次法治对话 第二次将在华盛顿举行 (China-US Held The First Dialogue of Rule of Law, The Second Meeting to Be Held in Washington ) Aug.5, 2016, People's Court Daily, http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2016/08/id/2051182.shtml (last visited Feb. 20, 2017); Mei Gechlik, China's Guiding Cases System: Review and Recommendations, STANFORD LAW SCHOOL CHINA GUIDING CASES PROJECT, Guiding Cases Analytics™, Issue No. 5, August 2016, http://cgc.law.stanford.edu/guiding-cases-analytics/.

5 Jeremy Daum, The Curious Case of China's Guiding Cases System, http://www.chinalawtranslate.com/author/jeremy-daum/?lang=en (last visited Feb. 23, 2017).

6 Judicial Reform in China (2015), http://english.court.gov.cn/2015-07/17/content_21312834_4.htm; St. Council (China), White Paper of Judicial Reform in China (2012), http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474983043170.htm.

7 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. Hereafter, the Provisions.

8 Second Five-Year Reform Plan of the People's Court (2005), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=66296.

9 THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

10 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

11 Jia, Mark, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform , 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016)Google Scholar, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

12 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. Hereafter, the Provisions.

13 Circular of the Supreme People's Court on Release of the First Batch of Guiding Cases, http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/circular-of-the-supreme-peoples-court-on-release-of-the-first-batch-of-guiding-cases.html; http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-4213.html; THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

14 Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Chutai Anli Zhidao Gongzuo Shishi Xize (最高人民法院出台案例指导工作实施细则) [Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Case Guidance] (promulgated by Sup. People's Ct., effective May 13, 2015), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=chl&gid=249447 (last visited Jan. 4, 2017); Or Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, hereafter the Detailed Implementing Rules, (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017). Hereafter, the Detailed Implementing Rules.”

15 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-gengduo-77.html (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

16 Circular of the Supreme People's Court on Release of the First Batch of Guiding Cases, hereafter the Circular, http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/circular-of-the-supreme-peoples-court-on-release-of-the-first-batch-of-guiding-cases.html; http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-4213.html

17 Lifeng Wang, The Necessity and Function of China's Guiding Cases System (2013), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/9-professor-wang/. “The Guiding Cases do not have decisive effect, only guiding effect in adjudication.”

18 Circular of the Supreme People's Court on Release of the First Batch of Guiding Cases (2012), http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/circular-of-the-supreme-peoples-court-on-release-of-the-first-batch-of-guiding-cases.html; http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-4213.html

19 Judicial Reform of Chinese Courts (2016), http://english.court.gov.cn/2016-03/03/content_23724636_6.htm.

20 THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

21 Judicial Reform in China (2015), http://english.court.gov.cn/2015-07/17/content_21312834_4.htm.

22 Second Five-Year Reform Plan of the People's Court (2005), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=66296.

23 Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Second Five-Year Reform Program for the People's Courts (2004-2008), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/second-five-year-reform-program-for-the-peoples-courts-2004-2008-cecc.

24 THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb.4, 2016). See Part II.

25 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

26 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/. See art.1.”

27 Judicial Reform in China (2015), http://english.court.gov.cn/2015-07/17/content_21312834_4.htm.

28 Judicial Reform in China (2015), http://english.court.gov.cn/2015-07/17/content_21312834_4.htm.

29 Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Second Five-Year Reform Program for the People's Courts (2004–2008), https://www.cecc.gov/resources/legal-provisions/second-five-year-reform-program-for-the-peoples-courts-2004-2008-cecc.

30 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

31 Judicial Reform in China (2015), http://english.court.gov.cn/2015-07/17/content_21312834_4.htm.

32 Circular of the Supreme People's Court on Release of the First Batch of Guiding Cases, http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/circular-of-the-supreme-peoples-court-on-release-of-the-first-batch-of-guiding-cases.html;

http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-4213.html; THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

33 Second Five-Year Reform Plan of the People's Court (2005), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=66296.

34 Jeremy Daum, The Curious Case of China's Guiding Cases System, http://www.chinalawtranslate.com/author/jeremy-daum/?lang=en (last visited Feb. 23, 2017).

35 Supreme People's Court Monitor, More on the Supreme People's Court and Typical Cases, https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/2014/05/02/more-on-the-supreme-peoples-court-and-typical-cases/. See art. 3.

36 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

37 Circular of the Supreme People's Court on Release of the First Batch of Guiding Cases, http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/circular-of-the-supreme-peoples-court-on-release-of-the-first-batch-of-guiding-cases.html;

http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-4213.html

38 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

39 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Guiding Cases (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

40 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. See Arts.4&5.

41 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

42 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, art.3 (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Dec.6, 2016).”

43 Mei Gechlik, China's Guiding Cases System: Review and Recommendations, STANFORD LAW SCHOOL CHINA GUIDING CASES PROJECT, Guiding Cases Analytics™, Issue No. 5, August 2016, http://cgc.law.stanford.edu/guiding-cases-analytics/.

44 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, hereafter the Detailed Implementing Rules (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017). See art 6 to 8.”

45 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. See art.4&5.

46 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. See art.4.

47 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. See art.6.

48 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, art.9 (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Dec. 6, 2016).”

49 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, art.9 (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Dec. 6, 2016).”

50 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, art.9 (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Dec. 6, 2016). See art.9.”

51 Circular of the Supreme People's Court on Release of the First Batch of Guiding Cases, http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/circular-of-the-supreme-peoples-court-on-release-of-the-first-batch-of-guiding-cases.html;

http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-xiangqing-4213.html.

52 Jia, Mark, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform , 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016)Google Scholar, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017). Or THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

53 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, art.10 (2015), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Db=chl&gid=249447; or https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/ (last visited Dec. 6, 2016).”

54 China Guiding Cases Project, https://law.stanford.edu/china-guiding-cases-project/ (last visited Feb. 2, 2017).

55 Zhang, Taisu, The Pragmatic Court: Reinterpreting The Supreme People's Court of China , 25 Colum. J. Asian L. 1, 43 (2012)Google Scholar; Wang, Lifeng, The Necessity and Function of China's Guiding Cases System (2013)Google Scholar, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/9-professor-wang/. “The Guiding Cases do not have decisive effect, only guiding effect in adjudication.”

56 THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

57 It is recognized or translated as model cases or typical cases now.

58 典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用. [translated by Google: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion.], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

59 典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用. [translated by Google: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion.], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

60 Liu, Nanping, “Judicial Review” in China: A Comparative Perspective, 14 rev. socialist l . 246-50 (1988)Google Scholar.

61 Supreme People's Court Monitor, Which Chinese Cases Are Most Persuasive? (2016), https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/2016/09/16/which-chinese-cases-are-most-persuasive/ (last visited Dec. 6, 2016).

62 Finder, Susan, The Supreme People's Court Of The People's Republic Of China , 7 J. Chinese L. 145, 160 (1993)Google Scholar.

63 Finder, Susan, The Supreme People's Court Of The People's Republic Of China , 7 J. Chinese L. 145, 167 (1993)Google Scholar.

64 Eric C. Ip, The Supreme People's Court And The Political Economy Of Judicial Empowerment In Contemporary China , 24 Colum. J. Asian L. 367 (2010–2011)Google Scholar.

65 Jia, Mark, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform , 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016)Google Scholar, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017). Or THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

66 Jeremy Daum, The Curious Case of China's Guiding Cases System, http://www.chinalawtranslate.com/author/jeremy-daum/?lang=en (last visited Feb. 23, 2017). However, this paper should be overturned by the continuous development of guiding cases. See the update from Stanford shows in 2016 subsequent cases referencing Guiding Cases surged to 519 from 181 in 2015, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/free-seminar-washington-dc-growing-significance-cases-mei-gechlik (last visited Feb. 23, 2017).

67 Mark Jia, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform, 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016), http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan.4, 2017). Or THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb. 4, 2016).

68 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-gengduo-104.html (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

69 Supreme People's Court Monitor, More on the Supreme People's Court and Typical Cases, https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/2014/05/02/more-on-the-supreme-peoples-court-and-typical-cases/. See art. 3.

70 Wang Xiaojing, Anli na dian shi (案例那些事儿) [Chinese Case Law], http://lawyer.ruc.edu.cn/html/lvshijie/20150624/3875.html.

71 Wang Xiaojing, An Li na dian shi (案例那些事儿) [Chinese Case Law] (2015), http://lawyer.ruc.edu.cn/html/lvshijie/20150624/3875.html.

72 Wang, Lifeng, The Necessity and Function of China's Guiding Cases System (2013)Google Scholar, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/9-professor-wang/. “The Guiding Cases do not have decisive effect, only guiding effect in adjudication.”

73 Wang, Lifeng, The Necessity and Function of China's Guiding Cases System (2013)Google Scholar, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/9-professor-wang/. “The Guiding Cases do not have decisive effect, only guiding effect in adjudication.”

74 The Supreme Court Issued First Batch of Five Typical Cases (最高法院建立案例月度发布制度 首批公布五起典型案例), http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-xiangqing-8117.html.

75 The Supreme Court Issued First Batch of Five Typical Cases (最高法院建立案例月度发布制度 首批公布五起典型案例), http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-xiangqing-8117.html.

76 The Supreme Court Issued First Batch of Five Typical Cases (最高法院建立案例月度发布制度 首批公布五起典型案例), http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-xiangqing-8117.html.

77 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-gengduo-104.html (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

78 There are some exemptions, e.g., certain IP cases in regard of the publication format. http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-xiangqing-19852.html.

79 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-gengduo-104.html (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

80 St. Council (China), White Paper of Judicial Reform in China (2012), http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474983043170.htm.

81 Progress of China's judicial reform in 2015, http://english.court.gov.cn/2016-03/21/content_23999153.htm.

82 See Guiding Cases, http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-gengduo-77.html?page=2. The Guiding Cases are referred here are Guiding Case Nos, 45–56.

83 Supreme People's Court Monitor, More on the Supreme People's Court and Typical Cases, https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/2014/05/02/more-on-the-supreme-peoples-court-and-typical-cases/. See art. 3.

84 Jia, Mark, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform, 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016)Google Scholar, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017). See fn 34.

85 Judicial Reform in China (2015), http://english.court.gov.cn/2015-07/17/content_21312834_4.htm.

86 Jia, Mark, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform , 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016)Google Scholar, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan.4, 2017). See fn 34.

87 THE GUIDING CASE SYSTEM IN CHINA (2013), http://www.pkulaw.cn/fulltext_form.aspx?Gid=1510130837&Db=qikan (last visited Feb.4, 2016).

88 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2010), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf. See art.9.

89 Mei Gechlik, China's Guiding Cases System: Review and Recommendations, STANFORD LAW SCHOOL CHINA GUIDING CASES PROJECT, Guiding Cases Analytics™, Issue No. 5, August 2016, http://cgc.law.stanford.edu/guiding-cases-analytics/.

90 See Yingjuan Ma, Administrative Litigation Cases Review (行政法典型案例评析 XingZhengfa Dian Xing Anli Ping Xi) (2016), Peking University Press. http://ak.bookschina.com/7289441.htm.

91 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-gengduo-77.html (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

92 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/shenpan-gengduo-77.html (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

93 Jia, Mark, Chinese Common Law? Guiding Cases and Judicial Reform , 129 Harv. L. Rev. (2016)Google Scholar, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/ (last visited Jan. 4, 2017), where the author cited “low rates of case issuance and usage will require sustained effort from policymakers”, http://harvardlawreview.org/2016/06/chinese-common-law-guiding-cases-and-judicial-reform/; however, regarding the low usage issue, the update from Stanford shows in 2016 subsequent cases referencing Guiding Cases surged to 519 from 181 in 2015, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/free-seminar-washington-dc-growing-significance-cases-mei-gechlik.

94 See Sup. People's Ct. Gaz., http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-gengduo-104.html (last visited Mar. 4, 2017).

95 Finder, Susan, Using Model Cases to Guide the Chinese Courts (2014)Google Scholar, https://cpianalysis.org/2014/04/07/using-model-cases-to-guide-the-chinese-courts/.

96 案例发布制度的发展与完善 (The Development and Bettering of Typical Cases Issuance Rule), http://rmfyb.chinacourt.org/paper/html/2014-05/19/content_82213.htm?div=-1; http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2014/05/id/1297634.shtml; http://www.chinanews.com/fz/2014/05-19/6185921.shtml.

97 案例发布制度的发展与完善 (The Development and Bettering of Typical Cases Issuance Rule), http://www.chinanews.com/fz/2014/05-19/6185921.shtml; http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2014/05/id/1297634.shtml.

98 See Yingjuan Ma, Administrative Litigation Cases Review (行政法典型案例评析 XingZhengfa Dian Xing Anli Ping Xi) (2016), Peking University Press. http://ak.bookschina.com/7289441.htm.

99 典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用. [translated by Google: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion.], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

100 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, at Art 2, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

101 DianXing Anli (典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用). [Typical Cases: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion (translated by Google)], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

102 Damuzhi Huanbao Keji Jituan (Fujian) Youxian Gongsi yu Zhonghua Huanbao Keji Jituan Youxiangongsi Gudong Chuzi Jiufen An (大拇指环保科技集团(福建)有限公司与中华环保科技集团有限公司股东出资纠纷案) [Sino-environment Technology Group (Fujian) Limited vs. Sino-environment Technology Group Limited, Disputes Regarding Shareholders Capital Contribution, hereinafter the Sino-environment Technology case], 2014 Sup. People's Ct, http://lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=case&id=1503&EncodingName=gb2312.

103 The original paragraph on the Supreme People's Court Bulletin cited is as follows: “该案对于平等保护中外投资者合法权益、保障股东选择管理者的权利、优化外商投资法治环境具有重要意义, 被评为最高人民法院建院 65 周年重大案例之一。该案明确了外国公司的司法管理人及清盘人在中国境内民事权利能力和行为能力的认定规则, 清晰界定了公司代表权争议的区分规则, 增强了外商投资中国的信心。同时, 该案是最高人民法院首次邀请外国驻华使节和境外媒体旁听庭审并当庭作出宣判的案件, 彰显了我国公正高效的司法形象.” [This case is of great significance to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese and foreign investors on equal terms, protect shareholders' rights of selecting managers, and optimize the legal environment for foreign investment. It was named one of the 65th anniversary of the founding of the Supreme People's Court. The case clarified the rules for the determination of the civil rights and capacity of the judicial administrators and liquidators of foreign companies in China, clearly defined the rules for the division of disputes over the representation of the company and enhanced the confidence of foreign investors in China. At the same time, the case is the first time the Supreme People's Court invited foreign diplomatic envoys and foreign media to attend the trial and sentencing in court cases, highlighting China's impartial and efficient judicial image (translated by Google)], http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/07/id/1662463.shtml (last visited Jan. 4, 2017).

104 Foreign Direct Investment – the China Story, WBG (Jul. 16, 2016), http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/07/16/foreign-direct-investment-china-story (last visited Jan. 13, 2017).

105 Foreign Direct Investment in China Declines, Wall St. J., Jun. 17, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-direct-investment-in-china-declines-1402980999.

106 Report from the Supreme People's Court courtroom on hearing in foreign-court appointed liquidator case, https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/tag/sino-environment-technology-group/ (last visited Jan. 11, 2017).

107 Report from the Supreme People's Court courtroom on hearing in foreign-court appointed liquidator case, https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/tag/sino-environment-technology-group/ (last visited Jan. 14, 2017).

108 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance, See Art.1, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/08/guiding-cases-rules-20101126-english.pdf.

109 DianXing Anli (典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用). [Typical Cases: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion (translated by Google)], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

110 DianXing Anli (典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用). [Typical Cases: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion? (translated by Google)], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

111 Detailed Implementing Rules on the “Provisions of the Supreme People's Court Concerning Work on Case Guidance (2015), https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/home/guiding-cases-rules/20150513-english/. See art.1.”

112 Wang, Lifeng, The Necessity and Function of China's Guiding Cases System (2013)Google Scholar, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/9-professor-wang/.

113 Wang, Lifeng, The Necessity and Function of China's Guiding Cases System (2013)Google Scholar, https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/9-professor-wang/. “The Guiding Cases do not have decisive effect, only guiding effect in adjudication.”

114 DianXing Anli (典型案例 : 法律界具有较强典型意义及较大社会影响的法律纠纷案例。典型案例的评判对各级法院法官审理类似案件, 提供参照标准。对规范法官自由裁量权有积极的促进作用). [Typical Cases: The legal profession has a strong typical significance and greater social impact of the legal dispute cases. The evaluation of the typical case provides the reference standard for the judges of various levels to hear similar cases. Which has a positive effect on regulating judges' discretion (translated by Google)], http://sxzbxfy.chinacourt.org/public/detail.php?id=661.

115 St. Council (China), White Paper of Judicial Reform in China (2012), http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474983043170.htm.