1 Sipkov, Ivan, “Consular Conventions of the European Communist Countries,” 13 Osteuropa-Recht 169 (September 1967).Google Scholar

2 Sipkov, Ivan, The First Consular Convention Between the United States of America and Bulgaria, Library of Congress, Law Library Study 76-8 (September 1976).Google Scholar

3 25 UST 2597; TIAS 7927; 13 ILM 1436 (November 1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 18 ILM 274 (1979).Google Scholar

5 U.S. Department of State, 50 Bulletin 979 (June 22, 1964).Google Scholar

6 88th Congress, 2nd Sess., Senate Executive D.Google Scholar

7 21 UST 77; TIAS 6820; 596 UNTS 261; entered into force for the United States, December 24, 1969.Google Scholar

8 UN Doc. A/CONF. 25/13, April 23, 1963; 57 American Journal of International Law [AJIL] 993 (1963).Google Scholar

9 Countries and official law gazettes cited are abbreviated as follows:Google Scholar

** Bulgaria (B) — Dǔrzhaven Vestnik (DV)Google Scholar

** Hungary (H) — Magyar Közlöny (MK)Google Scholar

** Poland (P) — Dziennik Ustaw (DU)Google Scholar

** Romania (R) — Buletinul oficial (BO)Google Scholar

** Cuba (C), German Democratic Republic (GDR), United States (US), Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Yugoslavia (Y).Google Scholar

** The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations is cited as VC.Google Scholar

10 The wording in VC, art. 4(1), is: “A consular post may be established in the territory of the receiving state only with that state's consent.”Google Scholar

11 Under VC, art. 20, in the absence of an express agreement on the size of the consular staff, the receiving state may require that this staff be kept “within limits considered by it to be reasonable and normal.”Google Scholar

12 US-R, art. 5.Google Scholar

13 Point 4, second sentence.Google Scholar

14 In general, the appointment and admission of heads of consular posts follow the provisions of VC, arts. 1-14.Google Scholar

15 US-B, art. 3(3).Google Scholar

16 US-B, art. 6; US-C, art. II, par. 2; US-H, art. 5(2); US-P, art. 7(1); US-R, art. 5(5); US-USSR, art. 2(6).Google Scholar

17 According to VC, art. 22, consular officers shall, in particular, have the nationality of the sending state. It also provides that persons having the nationality of the receiving state or third state may be employed, but with the “express consent of that state, which may be withdrawn at any time.” The term consular officer used in VC means “any person, including the head of a consular post” (art. 1(1) (d)).Google Scholar

18 US-B, art. 7; US-H, art. 6(1) (a).Google Scholar

19 US-P, art. 6(1); US-USSR, art. 3.Google Scholar

20 US-P, art. 6(1) (b).Google Scholar

21 US-R, art. 5(3).Google Scholar

22 Vedomosti SSSR, [official law gazette of the USSR], No. 27, item 404; entered into force on September 1, 1976. For text in English, see 2 Review of Socialist Law, No. 4, p. 235 (December 1976). See also Mironov, N. V., “Regulation by Law of the Consular Service in the USSR (The New USSR Consular Regulation of 1976),” 16 Soviet Law and Government, No. 2, p. 71 (Fall, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 Butler, W. E., “Soviet Consular Legislation,” 2 Review of Socialist Law, No. 4, 233-249, at 233 (December 1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 Gesetzblatt der DDR [official law gazette of the GDR] I, No. 40, June 1. 1957, p. 313.Google Scholar

25 US-H, art. 6(b).Google Scholar

26 Art. VIII.Google Scholar

27 Arts. V and X.Google Scholar

28 According to art. 25 of VC, termination of consular functions of a member of a consular post may also occur on notification to the sending state by the receiving state that it has ceased to consider that person a member of the consular staff.Google Scholar

29 US-B, art. 8; US-P, art. 8(1); US-R, art. 6(1); US-USSR, art. 2(7).Google Scholar

30 US-H, art. 7.Google Scholar

31 US-B, art. 8; US-USSR, art. 2(7).Google Scholar

32 US-H, art. 7; US-P, art. 8(2).Google Scholar

33 US-R, art. 6(2).Google Scholar

34 US-C, art. XVIII.Google Scholar

35 The wording in VC, art. 28, is that “the receiving state shall accord full facilities for the performance of the functions of the consular post.”Google Scholar

36 US-B, art. 9; US-R, art. 26; US-USSR, art. 4.Google Scholar

37 US-H, art. 30.Google Scholar

38 US-C, art. III; US-Y, art. II.Google Scholar

39 US-GDR, point 3, second and third sentences.Google Scholar

40 US-B, art. 15. Similar wording in VC, art. 40.Google Scholar

41 US-H, art. 8(1); US-R, art. 27.Google Scholar

42 US-B, art. 27; US-H, art. 19; US-R, art. 24; US-USSR, art. 27.Google Scholar

43 The problems of protection of consular officers; personal inviolability of consular officers; notification of arrest, detention, or prosecution; immunity from jurisdiction; and liability to give evidence are dealt with in VC, arts. 40-44.Google Scholar

44 US-H, art. 16(1); US-R, art. 29(5).Google Scholar

45 US-C, art. V, par. 1; US-Y, art. III.Google Scholar

46 US-B, art. 50(1); US-P, art. 13(4); US-R, art. 35; VC further states that “they also have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of the receiving state” (art. 55).Google Scholar

47 US-C, art. IV, par. 2.Google Scholar

48 US-USSR, art. 28. Similar wording is included in the US-P text, art. 13(4)., while the US-H one, art. 54(1), states: “including those relative to the control of traffic.”Google Scholar

49 US-B, art. 16(3) (c); US-P, art. 13(3) (b); US-R, art. 29(2) (b).Google Scholar

50 US-H, art. 15(2) (d).Google Scholar

51 US-H, art. 54(2); US-P, art. 22; US-R, art. 36.Google Scholar

52 US-B, art. 13; US-C, art. VII; US-H, art. 13(1); US-P, art. 11(1); US-R, art. 20; US-USSR, art. 17; US-Y, art. VI; VC, art. 33.Google Scholar

53 US-C, art. VII, par. 2; US-H, art. 13(2); US-USSR, art. 17.Google Scholar

54 VC, art. 35(2).Google Scholar

55 US-B, art. 14(3); US-P, art. 12(3); US-R, art. 21(3).Google Scholar

56 VC, art. 29.Google Scholar

57 Id.Google Scholar

58 VC, art. 31(1).Google Scholar

59 US-B, art. 50(2).Google Scholar

60 US-C, art. VIII; US-Y, art. VI.Google Scholar

61 VC, art. 35(1).Google Scholar

62 US-R, art. 21(4-5).Google Scholar

63 VC lists the consular functions in its art. 5.Google Scholar

64 US-H, art. 32(c).Google Scholar

65 US-GDR, point 3, fifth sentence.Google Scholar

66 VC in its art. 1 dealing with definitions does not provide them for “vessel of the sending and of the receiving state.”Google Scholar

67 U.S. Dept. of State, 50 Bulletin 979 (June 22, 1964).Google Scholar

68 Houston-Lay, , supra note 8, at 891.Google Scholar