Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T18:05:40.484Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Origins of High-Energy Cosmic Rays

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

W. I. Axford
W. I. Axford*
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institut für Aeronomie, D-37189 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Our current understanding of acceleration processes for Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays is briefly reviewed. Shock acceleration in supernova remnants remains the most favored process for cosmic rays up to the “knee” of the all-particle total energy spectrum at 1014 - 1015 eV. The highest energy particles are almost certainly extragalactic, and the most favored sources are associated with active galactic nuclei in one way or another. The intermediate region between rigidities of 1014 and 1018 V is more difficult to understand, although a galactic origin is preferred at present. The problem of making a smooth join in the spectrum at the knee suggests that these particles should not be considered to be independent of those at lower energies.

Subject headings: acceleration of particles — cosmic rays — shock waves

Type
Active Galaxies and Quasi-Stellar Objects
Information
International Astronomical Union Colloquium , Volume 142: Particle Acceleration Phenomena in Astrophysical Plasmas , 1994 , pp. 937 - 944
Copyright
Copyright © The American Astronomical Society 1994

References

Aarons, J. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc. 264, Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Zank, G.P. & Gaisser, T.K. (New York: AIP) 313 Google Scholar
Ahlen, S., et al. 1992, Phys. Rev., D. in pressGoogle Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1980, in IAU Symp. 94, Origin of Cosmic Rays, ed. Setti, G., Spada, G., & Wollendale, A.W. (Dordrecht: Reidel), 339 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1981a, Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 375, 297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1981b, Proc. 17th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Paris), 12, 155 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1985, in Cosmical Gas Dynamics, ed. Kahn, F.D. (VNU Sci. Press), 229 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1987a, Collisionless Shocks, CRIP (Budapest: Hungarian Acad. Press), 296 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1987b, Proc. 20th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), 8, 120 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1991, in Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 406 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc. 264, 45 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I., Leer, E., & McKenzie, J.F. 1982, A&A, 11, 317 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I., Leer, E., & Skadron, G. 1977, Proc. 15th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Plovdiv, Bulgaria), 11, 132 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I., & Reid, G.C. 1962, J. Geophys. Res., 67, 1692 Google Scholar
Axford, W.I., & Reid, G.C. 1963, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 1793 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baade, W., & Zwicky, F. 1934, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 20, 239 Google Scholar
Bell, A.R. 1978a, MNRAS, 182, 147 Google Scholar
Bell, A.R. 1978b, MNRAS, 182, 443 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, A.R. 1991, Proc. 22d. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), 2, 420 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E.G., & Krimsky, G.F. 1983, Proc. 18th Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Bangalore), 2, 255 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E.G., Yelshin, V.K., & Turpanov, A.A. 1987, Proc. 20th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), 2, 171 Google Scholar
Berezhko, E.G. 1991, Proc. 22d. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Dublin), 2, 436 Google Scholar
Berezinskii, V.S., et al. 1990, Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays (Amsterdam: North-Holland)Google Scholar
Biermann, P.L., & Strittmatter, P.A. 1987, ApJ, 322, 643 Google Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Eichler, D. 1987, Phys. Rep., 154, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Ostriker, J.P. 1978, ApJ, 221, L29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blandford, R.D., & Ostriker, J.P. 1980, ApJ, 237, 793 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blokh, Y.L., Dorman, L. I., & Kaminer, N.S.I. 1959, Proc. 6th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), 4, 173 Google Scholar
Bogdan, T.J., & Völk, H.J. 1983, A&A, 122, 129 Google Scholar
Bryant, D.A., Powell, G.I., & Perry, C.H. 1992, Nature, 356, 582 Google Scholar
Burbidge, G.R. 1975, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A277, 481 Google Scholar
Burbidge, G.R., & Hoyle, F. 1964, Proc. Phys., 84, 141 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bykov, A.M., & Toptygin, N. 1990, Soviet—JETP, 98, 1255 Google Scholar
Cesarsky, C.J. 1987, Proc. 20th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Moscow), 8, 87 Google Scholar
Chalov, S.V. 1988, Soviet Astron. Lett., 14, 114 Google Scholar
Cooper, R., et al. 1991, in Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takanara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 34 Google Scholar
Cronin, J.W. 1992, Nuclear Phys. B, 25A, 137 Google Scholar
Drury, L.O’C. 1983, Rep. Progr. Phys., 46, 163 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury, L.O’C. 1990, Proc. 21st. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide), 12, 85 Google Scholar
Drury, L.O’C., & Falle, S.A.E.G. 1986, MNRAS, 223, 353 Google Scholar
Drury, L.O’C., & VÖlk, H.J. 1981, ApJ, 248, 344 Google Scholar
Eichler, D., & Vestrand, W.T. 1985, Proc. 19th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (LaJolla), 1, 115 Google Scholar
Forman, M.A. 1982, Abstract, AAS Meeting, ColoradoGoogle Scholar
Gaisser, T.K. 1991, in Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 146 Google Scholar
Gaisser, T.K., et al. 1992, Phys. Rev. D., in press Google Scholar
Gold, T. 1975, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A277, 317 Google Scholar
Gunn, J.E., & Ostriker, J.P. 1969, Nature, 221, 454 Google Scholar
Gurevich, L.E., & Rumyantsev, A.A. 1980, A&SS, 72, 261 Google Scholar
Haswell, C.A., Tajima, T., & Sakai, J.-I. 1992, ApJ, 401, 495 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyle, F. 1960, MNRAS, 120, 338 Google Scholar
Ip, W.-H., & Axford, W.I. 1991, in Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 273 Google Scholar
Ip, W.-H., & Axford, W.I. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc., 264, 400 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jokipii, R.J. 1987, ApJ, 313, 842 Google Scholar
Jokipii, R.J. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc. 264, Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Zank, G.P. & Gaisser, T.K. (New York: AIP) 137 Google Scholar
Jokipii, R.J., & Morfill, G. 1987, ApJ, 312, 170 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jokipii, R.J., & Morfill, G. 1991, in Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 261 Google Scholar
Karakula, S., et al. 1990, Proc. 21st. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide), 3, 169 Google Scholar
Kocharov, G. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc. 264, Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Zank, G.P. & Gaisser, T.K. (New York: AIP), 205 Google Scholar
Krimsky, G.F. 1977, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 234, 1306 Google Scholar
Krimsky, G.F. 1979, Proc. 16th. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Kyoto), 2, 44 Google Scholar
Lieu, R., & Axford, W.I. 1990, Proc. 21st. Internat. Cosmic Ray Conf. (Adelaide), 4, 105 Google Scholar
Meisenheimer, K., et al. 1989, A&A, 219, 63 Google Scholar
Moraal, H., & Axford, W.I. 1983 A&A, 125, 204 Google Scholar
Peters, B. 1959, Nuovo Cimento (Suppl.), 14, 436 Google Scholar
Protheroe, R.J., & Szabo, A.P. 1992, Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 2885 Google Scholar
Ptuskin, V.S. 1991, in Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 112 Google Scholar
Ptuskin, V.S., Rogovaya, S.I., Zirakashvili, V.N., Chuvilgin, L.L., Khristansen, G.B., Klepoch, E.G., & Kulikov, G.V. 1992, A&A, 268, 726 Google Scholar
Quenby, J.A., & Lieu, R. 1989, Nature, 342, 654 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachen, J.P., & Biermann, P.L. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc., Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Zank, G.P. & Gaisser, T.K. (New York: AIP), 264, 393 Google Scholar
Rachen, J.P., Stanev, T., & Biermann, P.L. 1992, A&A, 273, 353 Google Scholar
Sokolsky, P. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc., Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Zank, G.P. & Gaisser, T.K. (New York: AIP), 264, 373 Google Scholar
Stanev, T., Biermann, P.L., & Gaisser, T.K. 1992, A&A, 274, 902 Google Scholar
Swordy, S.P., et al. 1991, ApJ, 374, 356 Google Scholar
Teshima, M. et al. 1991, Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 49 Google Scholar
Toptygin, I.N. 1980, Space Sci. Rev., 26, 157 Google Scholar
Völk, H.J., & Biermann, P.L. 1988, ApJ, 333, L65 Google Scholar
Waddington, C.J., & Working Group, 1992, GOAL, NASA ReportGoogle Scholar
Watson, A.A. 1991, Astrophysical Aspects of the Most Energetic Cosmic Rays, ed. Nagano, M. & Takahara, F. (Singapore: World Scientific), 2 Google Scholar
Watson, A.A. 1992, in AIP Conf. Proc. Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas, ed. Zank, G.P. & Gaisser, T.K. (New York: AIP), 264, 386 Google Scholar
Wdowczyk, J. 1975, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 277, 443 Google Scholar
Wdowczyk, J., & Wolfendale, A.W. 1973, J. Phys. A, 6, 1594 Google Scholar
Wdowczyk, J., & Wolfendale, A.W. 1989, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 39, 43 Google Scholar
Zank, G.P., McKenzie, J.F., & Axford, W.I. 1990, A&A, 233, 275 Google Scholar