Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:59:19.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Viral Gastroenteritis in Charleston, West Virginia, in 2007: From Birth to 99 Years of Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Carolyn M. Wilhelm ,
Samantha L. Hanna ,
Christine A. Welch ,
Haider Shahid ,
Linda L. Minnich ,
Shane B. Daly  and
John N. Udall Jr
Carolyn M. Wilhelm
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Charleston Division, West Virginia University, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
Samantha L. Hanna
Affiliation:
Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
Christine A. Welch*
Affiliation:
Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
Haider Shahid
Affiliation:
Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
Linda L. Minnich
Affiliation:
Virology Laboratory, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
Shane B. Daly
Affiliation:
Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
John N. Udall Jr
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Charleston Division, West Virginia University, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
*
Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, 3200 MacCorkle Avenue, SE, Charleston, WV 25304 (christine.welch@camc.org)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective.

To describe factors associated with a rectal swab or stool sample positive for norovirus, rotavirus, or adenovirus.

Design.

Retrospective study.

Setting.

Charleston Area Medical Center, a regional academic medical center in Charleston, West Virginia.

Methods.

Rectal swab or stool samples were obtained from patients suspected of having viral gastroenteritis. These samples were sent to the Charleston Area Medical Center virology laboratory for testing in 2007. Viral antigen in rectal swab and stool samples is detected by use of commercially available immunoassay kits for each virus. Data were extracted from the virology laboratory database for the following 1-year time period: January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2007. When necessary, additional information was obtained from electronic administrative data on patients.

Results.

There were 2,867 rectal swab and stool samples available for viral testing. Of these samples, 1,261 (44%) were positive for a virus. Of these positive samples, 972 (77%) were positive for norovirus, 182 (14%) were positive for rotavirus, and 110 (9%) were positive for adenovirus. The patients in the youngest age group had the highest number of test results positive for all 3 viruses. When the test results for the youngest age group (0-9 years) were compared with those for all the other age groups combined (10-99 years), the proportion of positive cases was highest for the youngest age group (P<.001). There were significant seasonal trends for all 3 viruses. Multivariate analysis of norovirus showed that season, source, sex, and age were significant predictors of a positive test result. Multivariate analysis of rotavirus showed that season and source were significant predictors of a positive test result. Multivariate analysis of adenovirus showed that season and age were significant predictors of a positive test result.

Conclusions.

We conclude (1) that these 3 viruses are common causes of gastroenteritis in Charleston, West Virginia; (2) that infants and young children are more likely to test positive for these viruses than are older individuals; (3) that norovirus was the most common cause of gastroenteritis; and (4) that there are seasonal trends for all 3 viruses.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 31 , Issue 8 , August 2010 , pp. 816 - 821
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Committee on Infectious Diseases; American Academy of Pediatrics. Prevention of rotavirus disease: updated guidelines for use of rotavirus vaccine. Pediatrics 2009;123(5):1412–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Patel, MM, Hall, AJ, Vinje, J, et al.Norovirus: a comprehensive review. J Clin Virol 2009;44:1–8.Google Scholar
3.Zintz, C, Bok, K, Parada, E, et al.Prevalence and genetic characterization of caliciviruses among children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in the United States. Infect Genet Evol 2005;5:281–290.Google Scholar
4.Chen, SY, Chang, YC, Lee, YS, et al.Molecular epidemiology and clinical manifestations of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalized pediatric patients in Northern Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2054–2057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Fischer, TK, Viboud, C, Parashar, U, et al.Hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea and rotavirus among children <5 years of age in the United States, 1993-2003. J Infect Dis 2007;195:1117–1125.Google Scholar
6.US Census Bureau. State & county quickfacts. Kanawha County, West Virginia. US Census Bureau Web site, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/54/54039.html. Accessed February 10, 2010.Google Scholar
7.Shahid, H, Welch, CA, Minnich, LL, Daly, SB, Wilhelm, CM, Udall, JN Jr.Gastrointestinal norovirus in the Charleston, West Virginia area-2007: birth to 99 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28(10):918–920.Google Scholar
8.Gould, D. Management of norovirus in the community. Br J Community Nurs 2009;14(3):117, 119–121.Google Scholar
9.Kirkwood, CD, Clark, R, Bogdanovic-Sakran, N, et al.A 5-year study of the prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses associated with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in young children admitted to the hospital in Melbourne, Australia (1998-2002). J Med Virol 2005;77:96–101.Google Scholar
10.Wu, TC, Liu, HH, Chen, YJ, Tang, RB, Hwang, BT, Yuan, HC. Comparison of clinical features of childhood norovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2008;71(11):566–570.Google Scholar
11.LoBue, AD, Thompson, JM, Lindesmith, L, et al.Alphavirus-adjuvanted norovirus-like particle vaccines: heterologous, humoral, and mucosal immune responses protect against murine norovirus challenge. J Virol 2009;83:3212–3227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Guo, L, Zhou, H, Wang, M, et al.A recombinant adenovirus prime-viruslike particle boost regimen elicits effective and specific immunities against norovirus in mice. Vacane 2009;27:5233–5238.Google Scholar
13.Patel, MM, Tate, JE, Selvarangan, R, et al.Routine laboratory testing data for surveillance of rotavirus hospitalizations to evaluate the impact of vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:914–919.Google Scholar
14.Tate, JE, Panozzo, CA, Payne, DC, et al.Decline and change in seasonality of US rotavirus activity after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine. Pediatrics 2009;124:465–471.Google Scholar
15.Mounts, AW, Ando, T, Koopmans, M, et al.Cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses. J Infect Dis 2000;181(suppl 2):S284–S287.Google Scholar
16.Marshall, JA, Hellard, ME, Sinclair, MI, et al.Incidence and characteristics of endemic Norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis. J Med Virol 2003;69:568–578.Google Scholar
17.Crossley, K, Solliday, J. Comparison of rectal swabs and stool cultures for the detection of gastrointestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1980;11:433–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Stockman, LJ, Staat, MA, Holloway, M, et al.Optimum diagnostic assay and clinical specimen for routine rotavirus surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:1842–1843.Google Scholar
19.Lew, JF, LeBaron, CW, Glass, RI, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for collection of laboratory specimens associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. MMWR Recomm Rep 1990;39(RR-14):1–13.Google Scholar
20.IDEIA Norovirus [package insert]. Denmark House, Angel Drove, Cambridgeshire, UK: Ely (Oxoid).Google Scholar
21. Premier Rotaclone [package insert]. Cincinnati, Ohio: Meridian Bioscience.Google Scholar
22. Premier Adenoclone [package insert]. Cincinnati, Ohio: Meridian Bioscience.Google Scholar
23.Lennette, EH, Schmidt, NJ. Diagnostic Procedures for Viral, Rickettsial and Chlamydial Infections. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Associates, 1979:942–943.Google Scholar