Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-v5vhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T22:19:29.925Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The United States and the Peninsular War, 1808–1812

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

G. E. Watson
Affiliation:
University College Cardiff

Extract

Military historians should not be content with the accurate narrative reconstruction of a war, campaign or battle. Success in the field and the generalship which produced victory or defeat can be understood only through a wider appreciation of the nature of war. Political influences, direction, control and interference; the allocation of resources between theatres of operation; manpower problems and morale; advances in military technology; relations with allies and neutrals; and all the varied logistical problems which face a commander should also engage the attention of the historian. Most wars have received sufficient treatment from the military analyst, whether scholar or soldier, to balance and enhance the work of the narrator. One conflict, however, has suffered from a surfeit of narrative accounts and a lack of broadly based analysis: the Peninsular War, 1808–14.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Oman, C., A History of the Peninsular War (7 vols., Oxford, 19021930).Google Scholar

2 Parkinson, R., The Peninsular War (London, 1973)Google Scholar; Glover, M., Wellington's Peninsular Victories (London, 1957)Google Scholar, Wellington as a Military Commander (London, 1968)Google Scholar and The Peninsular War (London 1974)Google Scholar; Hibbert, C., Corunna (London, 1961).Google Scholar

3 Harris, , Recollections of Rifleman Harris (London, 1829)Google Scholar; Brett-James, A. (ed.), Wellington at War (London, 1961).Google Scholar

4 Oman, C., Wellington's Army (London, 1913)Google Scholar; Ward, S. P. G., Wellington's Headquarters (Oxford, 1957)Google Scholar; Marcus, G. J., A Naval History of England II: The Age of Nelson (London, 1971).Google Scholar

5 Ward, , Wellington's Headquarters, pp. 66101.Google Scholar

6 Ward, , Wellington's Headquarters, p. 94.Google Scholar

7 Marcus, , The Age of Nelson, pp. 331–60, 452–84.Google Scholar

8 Forester, C. S., The Naval War of 1812 (London, 1957), pp. 16, 64–6.Google Scholar

9 Foreign Office, F.O. 5/76, A. Foster to Lord Wellesley, 7 July 1811. Galpin, F. W., ‘The American Grain Trade to the Spanish Peninsula, 1810–1814’, The American Historical Review, XXVIII (1922), 2244.Google Scholar

10 United States Diplomatic Despatches, Great Britain, 1791–1906, XVIII, Russell, J., 14 01. 1812.Google Scholar

11 A fuller treatment can be found in: Watson, G. E., American Economic Sanctions against Great Britain, 1808–1812 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 1972)Google Scholar. This work highlights the indifference frequently shown by British politicians to the problems created by American policy for the Peninsular war. The two parliamentary inquiries on the Orders in Council in 1808 and 1812, for example, reveal only an awareness of the problems created by the American sanctions for British industry.

12 See author's thesis for a detailed analysis of the economic effects of sanctions. For the economic effects of the Continental System, see: Crouzet, F., L'Economie Britannique et le Blocus Continental (2 vols. Paris, 1958)Google Scholar; Heckscher, E., The Continental System (Oxford, 1922).Google Scholar

13 Oman, , Wellington's Army, provides a detailed account of the employment of British troops, pp. 178–94, 333–41.Google Scholar

14 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38245: Liverpool to General Stuart, 6 Dec. 1810, refusing the latter's request for reinforcements in Sicily.

15 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37292: ‘Notes on the State of Europe’ written in the autumn of 1810.

16 Brett-James, , Wellington at War, p. 186Google Scholar, Wellington to Liverpool, 2 Apr. 1810; p. 199, Wellington to William Wellesley-Pole, 5 Sept. 1810.

17 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37293: Liverpool to Wellington, 11 Apr. 1811.

18 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37293: Note to Russian Government, 16 Aug. 1811.

19 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38235: Liverpool to Wellington, 15 Dec. 1809.

20 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38245: Liverpool to Wellington, 10 Sept. 1810.

21 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38246: Liverpool to Wellington, 11 Apr. 1811.

22 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37296: Liverpool in minute of 17 May 1812.

23 Brett-Jones, , Wellington at War, p. 224Google Scholar, Wellington to Wm. Bentinck, 24 Dec. 1811.

24 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37295: Wellesley to Perceval, 15 July 1811.

25 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37295: Liverpool to Wellington, 15 June 1810, and Perceval to Wellesley, 23 July 1810. Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38245: Wellington to Liverpool, 23 May 1810. Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38325: Liverpool to Wellington, 20 Feb. 1811.

26 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38246: Wellington to Liverpool, 23 Mar. 1811.

17 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38361: scattered references in this volume.

28 Buck, N., The Development and Organisation of Anglo-American Trade, 1800–1850 (New Haven, Connecticut, 1925) outlines the structure of American tradeGoogle Scholar. McMaster, J. B., The Life and Times of Stephen Girard (Philadelphia, 1918), II, 184.Google Scholar

29 Foreign Office, F.O. 5/73, fos. 306–10, memorial from British merchants, Nov. 1810.

30 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38244: Liverpool to General Graham, Apr. 1810. Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37295: Perceval to Wellesley, 4 Mar. and 19 Apr. i8io;and Liverpool to Wellington, 15 June 1810.

31 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38244: Wellington to Liverpool, Mar. 1810.

32 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37295: Liverpool to Wellington, 15 June 1810; and Perceval to Wellesley, 23 July 1810. Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38245: Wellington to Liverpool, 23 May 1810. Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38325: Liverpool to Wellington, 20 Feb. 1811.

33 The Monthly Review, Sept.-Dec. 1810, p. 290.Google Scholar

34 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38325: Liverpool to Wellington, 26 June 1810.

35 Wood, W., Select Despatches of Wellington (London, 1902), pp. 415–16Google Scholar, Wellington to Charles Stuart, 25 Oct. 1811.

36 Board of Trade, In-Letters, B.T. 1/60, Charles Stuart, 5 Oct. 1811.

37 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches, pp. 415–16Google Scholar, Wellington to Stuart, 25 Oct. 1811.

38 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38326: Liverpool to Wellington, 21 Nov. 1811.

39 Ward, , Wellington's Headquarters, p. 80.Google Scholar

40 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37291: secret letter of 9 Dec. 1809.

41 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38325: Liverpool to Wellington, 26 June 1810.

42 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37292: Villiers to Wellesley, 10 Dec. 1810.

43 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37293: Wellington to Liverpool, 30 May 1811. Brett-James, , Wellington at War, pp. 215–16Google Scholar, Wellington to Lt. Col. James Willoughby Gordon, 12 June 1811.

44 Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37295: Perceval to Wellesley, 4 Mar. 1810. Wellesley Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 37292: Henry Wellesley to Lord Wellesley, 12 Jan. 1811.

45 3rd Marquis of Londonderry (ed.), Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh (12 vols. London, 18481853), VIII, 95Google Scholar, Castlereagh to Wellington, 11 July 1809.

46 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38325: Liverpool to Wellington, 26 June 1810. Board of Trade, In-Letters, B.T. 1/52, Charles Stuart to Foreign Office, 9 June 1810.

47 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches, pp. 415–16Google Scholar, Wellington to Stuart, 25 Oct. 1811.

48 Ward, , Wellington's Headquarters, p. 80.Google Scholar

49 Brett-James, , Wellington at War, p. 202Google Scholar, Wellington to William Wellesley-Pole, 8 Dec. 1812.

50 The Annual Register, 1810, p. 183Google Scholar. Londonderry, , Castlereagh Memoirs, VIII, 186Google Scholar, Castlereagh to Gordon, 20 Nov. 1808. United States Diplomatic Despatches, Great Britain, XVIII, Russell, 14 Jan. 1812.Google Scholar

51 Board of Trade, Out-Letters, B.T.5/18, Letter to Thomas Baring, 12 August 1808.

52 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches, pp. 416–17Google Scholar, Wellington to General Graham, 8 May 1812.

53 Pitkin, T., A Statistical View (New Haven, Connecticut, 2nd edn, 1835), pp. 119–20Google Scholar. Galpin, , AHR, pp. 2244.Google Scholar

54 Pitkin, , A Statistical View, pp. 119–20.Google Scholar

55 Galpin, , AHR, XXVIII, pp. 2244.Google Scholar

56 Board of Trade, In-Letters, B.T. 1/60, fos. 261–278, List of entries into port of Lisbon, Jan.-June 1811. Board of Trade, In-Letters, B.T. 1/62, fos. 189–198, List of entries into port of Lisbon, July-Dec. 1811.

57 Foreign Office, F.O. 5/76, Augustus Foster, 7 July 1811.

58 Galpin, , AHR, XXVIII, 27Google Scholar. Foreign Office, F.O. 5/86, Augustus Foster, 21 May 1812.

59 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches, p. 415Google Scholar, Wellington to Stuart, 25 Oct. 1811.

60 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches, p. 415Google Scholar, Wellington to Stuart, 25 Oct. 1811.

61 War Office, In-Letters, W.O. 1/254, Wellington to Liverpool, 12 May 1812.

62 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches. pp. 416–17Google Scholar, Wellington to Henry Wellesley, 10 May 1812.

63 Wood, , Wellington's Despatches, pp. 415–16Google Scholar, Wellington to Stuart, 25 Oct. 1811.

64 Board of Trade, In-Letters, B.T. 1/64, letter from Stuart, 18 Apr. 1812.

65 Mayo, B., Instructions to the British Ministers to the United States, 1791–1812 (Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1936, Washington, 1941), pp. 308–9Google Scholar, Wellesley to Morier, No. 3, 18 Feb. 1811.

66 Liverpool Papers, B.M. Add. MSS 38326: Liverpool to Wellington, 21 Nov. 1811.

67 Full accounts of American diplomacy can be found in: Perkins, B., Prologue to War (Berkeley, California, 1961)Google Scholar; Brant, I., James Madison, Secretary of State (Indianapolis, 1953)Google Scholar; Brant, I., James Madison, The President (Indianapolis, 1956)Google Scholar. For Madison's views on the Lisbon trade: Hunt, G. (ed.), The Writings of James Madison (New York, 19001910), VIII, 42, 168, 185–7Google Scholar; Brant, I., The Fourth President (Indianapolis, 1969), pp. 485–6.Google Scholar

68 Oman, , Wellington's Army, pp. 178–94, 333–42.Google Scholar

69 Detailed accounts of military operations in North America are to found in: Horsman, R., The War of 1812 (London, 1969)Google Scholar; Hitsman, J., The Incredible War of 1812 (Toronto, 1965).Google Scholar

70 Marcus, G., Age of Nelson, p. 356Google Scholar

71 Marcus, G., Age of Nelson, p. 462.Google Scholar

72 Full accounts of naval operations in Iberian and American waters can be found in: Marcus, G., Age of Nelson, pp. 331–60, 452–84.Google Scholar