¹ Asa, Briggs, ‘Chartism reconsidered’, Historical studies. Papers read before the third conference of Irish historians, 2 (1959), 42–59Google Scholar; Briggs, (ed.), Chartist studies (1959)Google Scholar; Thompson, E. P., The making of the English working class (1963).Google Scholar

² Dorothy, Thompson, ‘Chartism as a historical subject’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, XX (1970), 10–12Google Scholar; Thompson, (ed.), The early chartists (1971)Google Scholar. See also her ‘Chartism: success or failure?’, in Rubinstein, D (ed.), People for the people (1973), pp. 90–7.Google Scholar

³ James, Epstein and Dorothy, Thompson (eds.), The chartist experience: studies in working-class radicalism and culture, 1830–1860 (1982)Google Scholar; Gareth Stedman, Jones, Languages of class: studies in working class history, 1832–1982 (Cambridge, 1983), ch. 3Google Scholar; Dorothy, Thompson, The chartists: popular politics in the industrial revolution (1984).Google Scholar

⁴ For example, the 1967 Cambridge Ph.D. theses of John Foster and Iorweth Prothero, later published as Foster, , Class struggle and the industrial revolution: early industrial capitalism in three English towns (1974)Google Scholar and Prothero, , ‘Chartism in London’, Past and Present, XLIV (1969), 76–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar and his later Artisans and politics: John Gast and his times (1979). See also: Peter, Searby, Coventry politics in the age of the chartists (Coventry, 1965)Google Scholar; Barnsby, G, Chartism in the Black Country (1965)Google Scholar; Neale, R. S., Class and ideology in a provincial city: Bath, 1800–50 (1966).Google Scholar

⁵ John, Belchem, ‘Radicalism as a “platform” agitation in the periods 1816–21 and 1848–51: with special reference to the leadership of Henry Hunt and Feargus O'Connor’ (unpublished D.Phil, thesis, University of Sussex, 1974)Google Scholar and his later ‘1848: Feargus O'Connor and the collapse of the mass platform’, in Epstein, and Thompson, (eds.), The chartist experienceGoogle Scholar; James, Epstein, The lion of freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the chartist movement, 1832–42 (1982)Google Scholar; Kemnitz, T. M. and Fleurange, J, ‘J. R. Stephens and the chartist movement’, International Review of Social History, XIX (1974), 211–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶ Maehl, W. H., ‘The dynamics of violence in chartism: a case study in northeastern England’, Albion, VII (1975), 101–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jones, D. J. V., The last rising: the Newport insurrection of 1839 (Oxford, 1985)Google Scholar; Fyson, R, ‘The crisis of 1842: chartism, the colliers' strike and the outbreak in the Potteries’, in Epstein, and Thompson, (eds.), The chartist experience.Google Scholar

⁷ Iorwerth, Prothero, ‘William Benbow and the concept of the “General Strike”’, Past and Present, LXII (1974), 132–71Google Scholar; John, Belchem, ‘Republicanism, popular constitutionalism and the radical platform in early 19th century England’, Social History, VI (1981), 1–32.Google Scholar

⁸ For example, the 1982 Birmingham Ph.D. thesis of Clive Behagg, later published as Politics and production in the early 19th century (1990)Google Scholar; Owen, Ashton, ‘Radicalism and chartism in Gloucestershire, 1832–1847’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 1980)Google Scholar; Robert, Sykes, ‘Popular politics and trade unionism in south-east Lancashire, 1829–1842’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 1982).Google Scholar

⁹ Neville, Kirk, The growth of working class reformism in mid- Victorian England (1985)Google Scholar; Henry, Weisser, April 10: challenge and response (1983).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Owen, Ashton, Robert, Fyson and Stephen, Roberts (eds.), The chartist movement: a new annotated bibliography (1995).Google Scholar

¹¹ John, Saville, 1848: the British state and the chartist movement (1987).Google Scholar

¹² Margot C., Finn, After chartism: class and nation in English radical politics, 1848–1874 (Cambridge, 1993)Google Scholar; Miles, Taylor, The decline of British radicalism, 1847–1860 (Oxford, 1995).Google Scholar

¹³ Michael, Winstanley, ‘Oldham radicalism and the origins of popular liberalism, 1830–1852’, Historical Journal, XXXVI (1993), 619–43Google Scholar; Anthony D., Taylor, ‘Modes of political expression and working-class radicalism, 1848–74: the London and Manchester examples’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 1992)Google Scholar; Martin, Hewitt, ‘Structures of accommodation: the intellectual roots of social stability in mid-nineteenth-century Manchester’ (unpublished D.Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar; Alan D., Little, ‘Chartism and liberalism: popular politics in Leicestershire, 1842–74’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 1989).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Owen, Ashton, W. E. Adams: chartist, radical and journalist (1832–1906) (Whitley Bay, 1991)Google Scholar; Stephen, Roberts, Radical politicians and poets in early Victorian England (Lampeter, 1993).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Barbara, Taylor, Eve and the new Jerusalem: socialism and feminism in the nineteenth century (1983)Google Scholar; Catherine, Hall, ‘The tale of Samuel and Jemima: gender and working class culture in early 19th century England’ [1986] reprinted in her White, male and middle class: explorations in feminism and history (Oxford, 1992)Google Scholar; Joan, Scott, ‘On language, gender and working class history’, International Labor and Working Class History, XXXI (1987), 1–13.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Jutta, Schwarzkopf, Women and the chartist movement (1992)Google Scholar; Anna, Clark, The struggle for the breeches: gender and the making of the British working class (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁷ For an overview see Jon, Lawrence and Miles, Taylor, ‘The poverty of protest: Gareth Stedman Jones and the politics of language – a reply’, Social History, XVIII (1993), 1–15Google Scholar and Miles, Taylor, ‘The linguistic turns in British social history’, Bollettino del xix secolo [Naples], IV (1995), 5–13.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Neville, Kirk, ‘In defence of class: a critique of recent revisionist writing upon the nineteenth-century English working class’, International Review of Social History, XXXII (1987), 2–47Google Scholar; Kirk, , Labour and society in Britain and the USA, 2 vols. (Aldershot, 1994), I, 140Google Scholar; Dorothy, Thompson, ‘The languages of class’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, LII (1987), 54–7Google Scholar; Paul, Pickering, ‘Class without words? Symbolic communication in the chartist movement’, Past and Present, CXII (1986), 144–62Google Scholar; John, Belchem, ‘Radical language and ideology in early 19th century England: the challenge of the platform’, Albion, XX (1988), 247–59Google Scholar; Bryan, Palmer, Descent into discourse: the reification of language and the writing of social history (Philadelphia, 1990), pp. 128–33Google Scholar; James, Epstein, Radical expression: political language, ritual and symbol in England, 1790–1850 (Oxford, 1994).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Saville, 1848; Dorothy, Thompson, ‘The languages of class’Google Scholar. It should be noted that Thompson herself differs from Saville's interpretation of the state's behaviour in 1848. See her review of 1848 in History Workshop, XXVIII (1989), 160–6.Google Scholar

²⁰ Briggs, , ‘The local background of chartism’, p. 2.Google Scholar

²¹ G. Kitson, Clark, ‘Hunger and politics in 1842’, Journal of Modern History, XXV (1953), 355–74.Google Scholar

²² Dorothy, Thompson, ‘Chartism as a historical subject’.Google Scholar

²³ Thompson, , The early chartists, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

²⁴ ‘Working-class culture and working-class politics in London, 1870–1900: notes on the remaking of a working class’ [1974] reprinted in his Languages of class.

²⁵ Stedman, Jones, ‘Class struggle and the industrial revolution’ [1975]Google Scholar reprinted in Languages of class.

²⁶ For Stedman Jones on Engels and on modernization theory see Lawrence, and Taylor, , ‘The poverty of protest’, p. 7.Google Scholar

²⁷ For the differences compare Lin, C, The British new left (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 132–6Google Scholar with Harvey, Kaye, The British marxist historians: an introductory analysis (Cambridge, 1984), ch. 7.Google Scholar

²⁸ Robert, Gammage, History of the chartist movement, 1837–1854 [1854] (1969 edn), ed. John, SavilleGoogle Scholar; Cole, G. D. H., Chartist portraits (1941).Google Scholar

²⁹ Craig, Calhoun, The question of class struggle: social foundations of popular radicalism during the industrial revolution (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar; Patrick, Joyce, Work, society and politics: the culture of the factory in later Victorian England (1980).Google Scholar

³⁰ Alastair, Reid, ‘Politics and culture in the formation of the British working class: a response to H. F. Moorhouse’, Social History, III (1978), 347–61.Google Scholar

³¹ Trygve, Tholfsen, Working-class radicalism in mid-Victorian England (1976)Google Scholar; Geoffrey, Crossick, An artisan elite in Victorian society: Kentish London, 1840–80 (1978)Google Scholar; Robert, Gray, The aristocracy of labour in nineteenth-century Britain, c. 1850–1914 (1981).Google Scholar

³² ‘Rethinking chartism’, passim.

³³ Kirk, , ‘In defence of class’, pp. 12–35Google Scholar; Palmer, , Descent into discourse, pp. 128–33Google Scholar; Dorothy, Thompson, ‘The languages of class’Google Scholar. Thompson's criticism of Stedman Jones on this point represents a throw-back to her dismissal nearly thirty years ago of the work of Reba, Soffer and Rowe, D. J.. See her ‘Notes on aspects of chartist leadership’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, XV (1967), 28–33.Google Scholar

³⁴ Foster, John, ‘The declassing of language’, New Left Review, CL (1985), 29–45Google Scholar; Epstein, Radical expression; Pickering, , ‘Class without words’.Google Scholar

³⁵ Kirk, , ‘In defence of class’, pp. 37–41Google Scholar; Thompson, , ‘The languages of class’Google Scholar, and see her ‘Chartism and the historians’ in her Outsiders: class, gender and nation (1993), pp. 34–5Google Scholar. A much more explicit account of chartism as ‘false’ consciousness can be found in Theodore, Koditschek, Class formation in urban industrial society: Bradford, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, 1990), ch. 17.Google Scholar

³⁶ Robert, Gray, ‘The deconstructing of the English working class’, Social History, XI (1986), 363–73Google Scholar. By way of contrast Richard Ashcraft has suggested that the same intellectual tradition actually produced a class-conscious political language evident in chartism: ‘Liberal political theory and working-class radicalism in 19th century England’, Political Theory, XXI (1993), 249–72.Google Scholar

³⁷ ‘Rethinking chartism’, p. 95.

³⁸ Ibid. p. 98.

³⁹ The classic account remains Sidney, Buxton, Finance and politics: an historical study, 1783–1885, 2 vols. (1888), I, chs. 2–3.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Clive, Behagg, ‘An alliance with the middle class: the Birmingham political union and early chartism’, in Epstein, and Thompson, (eds.), The chartist experience.Google Scholar

⁴¹ The main history of this episode denies any such ‘middle-class’ revolt: Mick, Jenkins, The general strike of 1842 (1980), pp. 57, 171, 173Google Scholar, but John Bright did moot just such an idea: Keith, Robbins, John Bright (1979), pp. 36–7.Google Scholar

⁴² Belchem, , ‘1848: Feargus O'Connor and the collapse of the mass platform’, in Epstein, and Thompson, (eds.), The chartist experience, p. 276.Google Scholar

⁴³ Kirk, ‘In defence of class’; John, Saville, Ernest Jones. Chartist. Selections from the writings and speeches of Ernest Jones with introduction and notes (1952), p. 41.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Stedman, Jones, ‘Rethinking chartism’, pp. 177–8.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Saville, 1848, passim; Dorothy Thompson, The chartists, chs. 4, 10.

⁴⁶ Mather, F. C., Public order in the age of the chartists (1959)Google Scholar; Stanley, Palmer, Police and protest in England and Ireland, 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 1988).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Peter, Mandler, Aristocratic government in the age of reform: whigs and Liberals, 1830–52 (Oxford, 1990)Google Scholar; Jonathan, Parry, The rise and fall of Liberal government in Victorian Britain (1993), ch. 3.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Christopher, Barnett, ‘Fears of revolution, finality and the reopening of the question of parliamentary reform in England, 1832–1867’ (unpublished D.Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1981), p. 168.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Boyd, Hilton, ‘The political arts of Lord Liverpool’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., XXXVIII (1988), 147–70Google Scholar. See also his ‘Peel: a reappraisal’, Historical Journal, XXII (1979), 585–614.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Peel, , Hansard, 3rd ser., LXIII (3 May 1842), col. 77.Google Scholar

⁵¹ John, Garrard, Leadership and power in Victorian industrial towns, 1830–80 (Manchester, 1983)Google Scholar; John, Prest, Liberty and locality: parliament, permissive legislation and ratepayers' democracies in the nineteenth century (Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar

⁵² John, Brewer, The sinews of power: war, money and the English state, 1688–1783 (1989)Google Scholar; Joanna, Innes, ‘The domestic face of the military–fiscal state: government and society in eighteenth-century Britain’, in Lawrence, Stone (ed.), An imperial state at war: England from 1689 to 1815 (1994)Google Scholar; David, Eastwood, Governing rural England: tradition and transformation in local government, 1780–1840 (Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar; Philip, Harling and Peter, Mandler, ‘From “fiscal-military” state to laissez-faire state, 1760–1850’, Journal of British Studies, XXXII (1993), 44–70.Google Scholar

⁵³ Frank, O'Gorman, Voters, patrons and parties: the unreformed electoral system of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989)Google Scholar; John, Phillips, The great reform bill in the boroughs, 1818–1841 (Oxford, 1992)Google Scholar; Charles, Tilly, Popular contention in Great Britain 1758–1834 (1995)Google Scholar. And see the perceptive review article by Joanna, Innes, ‘Representative histories: recent studies of popular politics and popular culture in 18th and early 19th century England’, Journal of Historical Sociology, IV (1991), 182–211.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ John, Belchem's ‘Beyond Chartist studies: class, community and party in early Victorian popular polities’, in Derek, Fraser (ed.), Cities, class, communication: essays in honour of Asa Briggs (Hemel Hempstead, 1990)Google Scholar contains some thoughtful suggestions as to how a local studies framework may be still be utilized in this respect.

⁵⁵ Humphrey, Southall, ‘Mobility, the artisan community and popular politics in early 19th century England’, in Kearns, G and Withers, C. W. J. (eds.), Urbanising England (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 103–53Google Scholar; Howell, P. M. R., ‘“A free trade in politics”: a geography of chartism's political culture, c. 1838–48’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Although here it has been suggested that the overlap was tactical, and did not imply any ideological sympathy: Felix, Driver, ‘Tory radicalism? Ideology, strategy and locality in popular politics during the 1830s’, Northern History, XXVII (1991), 120–38.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Eileen, Groth, ‘Christian radicalism in England, 1830–1850’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993), p. 281.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Brian, Harrison and Patricia, Hollis (eds.), Robert Lowery: radical and chartist (1979), p. 5Google Scholar; Alex, Tyrrell, ‘Making the millennium: the mid-nineteenth-century peace movement’, Historical Journal, XX (1978), 75–95.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Paul, Pickering, ‘Chartism and the “trade in agitation” in early Victorian Britain’, History, LXXVI (1991), 221–37.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Gregory, Claeys, Machinery, money and the millennium: from moral economy to socialism, 1815–1860 (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar; Malcolm, Chase, The people's farm: English radical agrarianism, 1775–1840 (Oxford, 1988).Google Scholar

⁶¹ Margaret, Hambrick (ed.), A chartist's library (1986).Google Scholar

⁶² On the ideological differences between chartism and free trade, see David, Stack, ‘Nature and artifice: the life and thought of Thomas Hodgskin’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995)Google Scholar; John, Belchem, ‘Chartism and the trades, 1848–50’, English Historical Review, XCVIII (1983), 558–87Google Scholar and his ‘Beyond Chartist studies’.

⁶³ McClelland, Keith, ‘A politics of the labour aristocracy? Skilled workers and radical politics on Tyneside, c. 1850–1874’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, XL (1980), 8–9Google Scholar; McClelland, , ‘Time to work, time to live: some aspects of work and the reformation of class in England, 1850–1880’, in Patrick, Joyce (ed.), The historical meanings of work (Cambridge, 1987),pp. 180–209Google Scholar; Eugenio F., Biagini, ‘British trade unions and popular political economy, 1860–1880’, Historical Journal, XXX (1987), 811–40.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Winstanley, ‘Oldham radicalism’; Finn, After chartism; Taylor, , Decline of British radicalismGoogle Scholar; Peter, Taylor, Popular politics in early industrial Britain: Bolton, 1825–50 (Keele, 1995), pp. 128–38Google Scholar; Ryland, Wallace, ‘Organise, organise, organise!’: a study of reform agitations in Wales, 1840–1886 (Cardiff, 1991)Google Scholar; Bill, Lancaster, Radicalism, co-operation and socialism: Leicester working-class politics, 1860–1906 (Leicester, 1987), pp. 79–81.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Alastair J., Reid and Eugenio F., Biagini, ‘Introduction’ to Currents of radicalism: popular politics, organised labour and party politics in Britain, 1850–1914 (Cambridge, 1991)Google Scholar; Patrick, Joyce, Visions of the people: industrial England and the question of class, 1840–1914 (Cambridge, 1991).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Dennis, Whomsley, ‘Radical politics in the 1850s and 1860s: Joshua Hobson and the tenant right dispute in Huddersfield’, Journal of Regional and Local Studies, VII (1987), 14–33Google Scholar; Malcolm, Chase, ‘Chartism, 1838–1858: responses in two Teesside towns’, Northern History, XXIV (1988), 146–71Google Scholar; Garrard, Leadership and authority.

⁶⁷ Joyce, , Visions of the people.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Geoff, Eley, ‘Edward Thompson, social history and political culture: the making of a working-class public, 1780–1850’, in Harvey J., Kaye and Keith, McClelland (eds.), E. P. Thompson: critical perspectives (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 12–49Google Scholar; James, Vernon, Politics and the people: a study in English political culture, c. 1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Schwarzkopf, , Women and the chartist movementGoogle Scholar; Clark, , Struggle for the breeches.Google Scholar