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The House of Orange and the House of Stuart, 1639–1650: A Revision

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Simon Groenveld
Simon Groenveld
Affiliation:
University of Leiden
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The Historical Journal , Volume 34 , Issue 4 , December 1991 , pp. 955 - 972
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

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References

1 For example: Elias, J. E., Het voorspel van den Eersten Engelschen Oorlog (2 vols., The Hague, 1920)Google Scholar; Wilson, C. H., Profit and power. A study of England and the Dutch wars (2nd edn, The Hague, 1978)Google Scholar.

2 In English Historical Review (1923), Scottish Historical Review (1923), De Gids (1923, 1927, 1928), Bijdragen voor Vaderlandsche Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde (1925). In this article, quotations are taken from the second edition of the book. Dates are given in the New Style or, if necessary, in both Old and New Style.

3 Geyl, P., Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Slam, II (3rd edn, Amsterdam, Antwerp, 1961), 481–521Google Scholar. Cf. Geyl, P., ‘Een verzuimde kans: Noord en Zuid in 1632’, in Kernproblemen van onze geschiedenis (Utrecht, 1937), pp. 42–64Google Scholar.

4 About the Spanish side of the war: Israel, J. I., The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic world 1606–1661 (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar; Llano, J. Alcalá-Zamora y Queipo de, España, Flandes y el Mar del Norte (1618–1639) (Barcelona, 1975)Google Scholar; Elliott, J. H., The revolt of the Catalans. A study in the decline of Spain (1538–1640) (Cambridge, 1963)Google Scholar; Elliott, J. H., The count-duke of Olivares. The statesman in an age of decline (New Haven, 1986)Google Scholar. The Dutch side: Groenveld, S. and Leeuwenberg, H. L. P., De bruid in de schuit. De consolidatie van de Nederlandse Republiek 1609–1650 (Zutphen, 1985)Google Scholar. Biographies of Frederick Henry: Blok, P. J., Frederik Hendrik, prins van Oranje (Amsterdam, 1924)Google Scholar; Poelhekke, J. J., Frederik Hendrik, Prins van Oranje. Een biografisch drieluik (Zutphen, 1978)Google Scholar.

5 The existence of factions on the provincial level is a new field of study. See Israel, J. I., ‘Frederic Henry and the Dutch political factions, 1625–1642’, English Historical Review, XCVIII (1983), 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Groenveld, S., Verlopend Getij. De Nederlandse Republiek en de Engelse Burgeroorlog 1640–1646 (Dieren, 1984), pp. 55–66, 105–8Google Scholar; Groenveld, S., ‘Adriaen Pauw (1585–1652), een pragmatisch Hollands staatsman’, Spiegel Historiael, XX (1985), 432–9Google Scholar; Groenveld, S., ‘“Breda is den Bosch waerd”. Politieke betekenis van de innames van Breda in 1625 en 1637’, Jaarboek Geschied- en Oudheidkundige Kring van Stad en Land van Breda (1988), pp. 41, 94–109Google Scholar; Groenveld, S., ‘“J'équippe une flotte très considerable”. The Dutch side of the Glorious Revolution’, in Beddard, R. A. (ed.), The revolutions of 1688. The Andrew Browning lectures 1988 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 213–45Google Scholar. Groenveld, S., ‘Holland, das Haus Oranien und die andern nordniederländischen Provinzen im 17. Jahrhundert. Ein Status Quaestionis und einige kontinuierliche Linien’, Rheinische Geschichtsblätter, LIII (1989), pp. 92–116Google Scholar.

6 Adams, S. L., ‘Foreign policy and the parliaments of 1621 and 1624,’ in Sharpe, K. (ed.), Faction and parliament. Essays on early Stuart history (Oxford, 1978), pp. 139–71Google Scholar; Adams, S. L. ‘Spain or the Netherlands? The dilemmas of early Stuart foreign policy’, in Tomlinson, H. (ed.), Before the English Civil War. Essays on early Stuart politics and government (London, 1983), pp. 79–101Google Scholar; Breslow, M. A., A mirror of England. English Puritan views of foreign nations, 1618–1640 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970)Google Scholar; Groenveld, S., ‘“Als by het huwelyck van man ende wijff”. Puriteinse voorstellen voor een Nederlands-Engelse unie, 1642–1652’, in Grootes, E. K. and Haan, J. den (eds.), Geschiedenis, godsdienst, letterkunde. Opstellen aangeboden aan S. B. J. Zilverberg (Roden, 1989), pp. 147–158Google Scholar; Hill, J. E. C., ‘The English revolution and the Brotherhood of Man’, in his Puritanism and revolution. Studies in interpretation of the English revolution of the seventeenth century (London, 1958), pp. 123–52Google Scholar.

7 Boer, M. G. de, Tromp en de Armada van 1639 (Amsterdam, 1941)Google Scholar; Groenveld, , Verlopend Getij, pp. 91–5Google Scholar; Groenveld, S., ‘The English Civil Wars as a cause of the First Anglo-Dutch War, 1640–1652’, Historical Journal, XXX (1987), 541–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Groenveld, S., ‘Frederik Hendrik en de Stuarts, 1640–1647. Herziening van de opvattingen van Pieter Geyl’, in Jaarboek Oranje-Nassau Museum (1987), pp. 7–28Google Scholar.

8 Geest, T. J., Amalia van Solms en de Nederlandse politick van 1625 tot 1648 (Baarn, 1909), pp. 27–31Google Scholar.

9 Algemeen Rijksarchief The Hague (ARA), States General Records 8386, Report by Aerssen. His correspondence with the States General in Loketkas and Secrete Kas 12576.45; with Henry, Frederick in Prinsterer, G. Groen van (ed.), Archives ou Correspondence inédite de la Maison d' Orange-Nassau, 2nd series 3 (Utrecht, 1858)Google Scholar. The other diplomats are mentioned in ARA, Lias Engeland (LE) 1641–2, 27 Jan. 1641: Johan Wolfert van Brederode a.o. to States General.

10 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, p. 17Google Scholar.

11 ARA, Resolutions of the States General (RSG) 1640, 12 Dec.; Resolutions of the States of Holland (RSH) 1640, pp. 271–3 (same date).

12 ARA, States General records, 8391, Report by Johan Wolfert van Brederode, Aerssen, Heenvliet and Joachimi. Groenveld, , Verlopend Getij, pp. 95–6Google Scholar.

13 About Anglo-Spanish relations: Loomie, A. J., ‘Alonso de Cardenas and the Long Parliament, 1640–1648’, English Historical Review, XCVII (1982), 289–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Charles's, remarks in Journals of the House of Lords (LJ), IV (n.p., n.d.), p. 157 (10/20 02 1641)Google Scholar. Cf. ARA, Report by Aerssen, 10 Mar. 1640.

14 Groen, (ed.), Archives II3, p. 306 (11/21 12 1640)Google Scholar; Henry Vane to Frederick Henry. ARA, LE 1640, 1 Dec.: Albert Joachimi to States General. LJ, V, 97–9. Journals of the House of Commons (CJ) II, 599–600.

15 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, p. 19Google Scholar, insists that the Dutch embassy wanted to conclude a political treaty as well. The correspondence of the ambassadors with Frederick Henry proves the contrary: Groen, (ed.), Archives II3, pp. 345–416Google Scholar.

16 See Groen, (ed.), Archives II3, pp. 290–3 (17 08 1640)Google Scholar; Heenvliet to Frederick Henry; pp. 360–2 (26 Feb. 1641): Aerssen to Frederick Henry.

17 The proofs for these relations cannot be found in the official resolutionbooks of the States of Holland, for those books do not give any information about voting in the assemblies. But some deputies took more detailed minutes themselves for the use of their cities, mentioning it; in these years the pensionary of the small town of Medemblik, Nicolaes Stellingwerff, was very active. His minutes are in the keeping of the Gemeentearchief of Medemblik, in the Streekarchief voor Westfriesland in Hoorn (GAM). As to the mediation: RSH as noted by Stellingwerff III, passim. Geyl did not know the existence of these minutes.

18 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, p. 30Google Scholar.

19 C., Baillon, comte de (ed.), Lettres inédites de Henriette-Marie de France, reine d'Angleterre (Paris, 1884), pp. 21–4Google Scholar (27 Mar. 1642): Henrietta Maria to Charles I.

20 ARA, RSG 1642, I Nov. See a protest by the royalist resident in The Hague: LE 1642, 6 November: Sir William Boswell to States General.

21 ARA, Loketkas States General 12576.51, 22 Aug./I Sep. 1642: Parliament to States General: 18 Oct. 1642: Strickland to States General. LJ, V, 316–17 (same date).

22 Kenyon, J. P., The Stuart constitution, 1603–1688. Documents and commentary (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 263–6Google Scholar; Calendar of state papers, Domestic series (CSP Dom) 1644, pp. 19, 25, 26, 32; Courthope, E. J. (ed.), The Journal of Thomas Cuningham of Camphere 1640–1654 with his Tkrissels Banner and explication thereof (Edinburgh, 1928)Google Scholar.

23 Boskowski, H. (ed.), Mémoires de F. de Dohna (Königsberg, 1898), pp. 77–8Google Scholar. Bots, H. and Leroy, P. (eds.), Correspondance intégrale d' André Rivet et de Claude Sarrau, I (Amsterdam, 1978), 363Google Scholar (5 Jan. 1643): Rivet, to Sarrau, . Rogge, H. C. (ed.), Brieven van Nicolaes van Reigersberch aan Hugo de Groot (Amsterdam, 1901), pp. 728–30Google Scholar (3 Jan. 1643): Reigersberch to De Groot.

24 Aitzema, L. van, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh in, ende omtrent de Verenigde Nederlanden (7 vols., The Hague, 1669–1672), II, 928–32Google Scholar; Kluiver, J. H., ‘Zeeuwse readies op de Acte van Sedusie’, in Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden (BMGN), XCI (1976), pp. 406–28Google Scholar, esp. 406–7; Calendar of state papers, Venetian series (CSP Ven) 1643–47, PP. 85–6 (1 Apr. 1644): Agostini from London to Venice.

25 GAM, RSH Stellingwerff 115, 25 Feb. 1643: ‘duer dien buijten sulcx geen apparentie is datte Coninginne vertrecken sal, maer tot merckelijcken ondienst vant landt alhier blijven continueren’.

26 ARA, States General Records 8396 and 8397: report by Boreel and Renswoude. Groenveld, , Verlopend Getij, pp. 111–20Google Scholar.

27 Hexter, J. H., The reign of King Pym (3rd edn, Cambridge, Mass., 1968)Google Scholar, Underdown, D., Pride's purge. Politics and the Puritan revolution (Oxford, 1971)Google Scholar; Pearl, V., ‘Oliver St John and the “middle group” in the Long Parliament: August 1643–May 1644’, English Historical Review, LXXXI (1966), 490–519CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glow, L., ‘Political affiliations in the house of commons after Pym's death’, Bulletin of the Institute for Historical Research, XXXVIII (1965), 48–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glow, L., ‘Peace negotations, politics and the Committee of Both Kingdoms, 1644–1646’, The Historical Journal, XII (1969), 3–22Google Scholar.

28 ARA, Loketkas 12576.51: parliament's memorandum to States General, 14/24 June 1645. LJ, VII, 240–1 (24 Feb./6 Mar. 1645). CJ, IV, 60–1 (same date), 62 (25 Feb./7 Mar.).

29 , Groen (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 101–4Google Scholar (30 May/3 June 1644): Goffe's instructions. Documents on these negotiations are to be found in the Koninklijk Huisarchief (Royal Archives) in The Hague (KHA), Frederick Henry's records XIV A 2.

30 Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 117–18Google Scholar (14 Sep. 1644): Frederick Henry to Henry lord Jermyn.

31 Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 120–7Google Scholar (about 1 Feb. 1645): new instructions for Goffe.

32 See a.o. Fruin, R., ‘De jeugd van Louise Henriette d'Orange’. In his Verspreide Geschriften, IV (The Hague, 1901), 95–121Google Scholar. KHA, Frederick Henry records XIV A 2.

33 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, p. 36Google Scholar.

34 The publication of the letters was entitled The Lord George Digby's cabinet and Dr. Goffs negotiations, B.L., Thomason Tracts E 329 (15); in the Republic: Extracten Uyt verscheyde Missiven, gevonden in de Lord Digbijs Cabinet (April/May 1646), Koninklijke Bibliotheek The Hague, Knuttel Collection 5252.

35 The best biography of William II is written by Kernkamp, G. W., Prins Willem II (Amsterdam, 1943)Google Scholar. Cf. Groenveld, S., ‘Willem II en de Stuarts, 1647–1650’, BMGN, CIII (1988), 157–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Much inside information about the court of the Oranges can be found in the diaries of the Frisian stadtholder Willem Frederik van Nassau, who spent every summer in the army and, after the peace was made, in The Hague or the other palaces of the Oranges. KHA, Dagboeken Willem Frederik (DWF); see DWF 1648, 2/12 July, 12/22 Sep., 23 Sep./3 Oct., 3/13 Oct., 25 Oct./4 Nov., 22 N0V./2 Dec.; DWF 1649, 15/25 Aug., 27 Aug./6 Sep.,10/20 Sep., 14/24 Sep. The quotation: ‘Hare Hoogheyt recommandeert veul dingen die Sijne Hoogheyt niet doen kan, dan wordt mevrou quaet. Sijne Hoogheyt swiecht stil, offwil gaen, Hare Hoogheyt krijt dan’: ibid. 16/26 Sep. Cf. Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, p. 244 (24 10 1647), 245–6Google Scholar (28 Oct.): De la Thuillerie to Mazarin.

37 Veeze, B. J., De Road van de Prinsen van Oranje tijdens de minderjarigheid van Willem III (Assen, 1932), pp. 23–6Google Scholar. Groenveld, S., ‘“Een out ende getrouw dienaer, beyde van den staet ende welstant in t'huys van Oragnen”. Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687), een hoog Haags ambtenaar’, Holland, Regionaal-historisch tijdschrift, XX (1988), 3–32Google Scholar, esp. 17. Groenveld, V. S., ‘“C'est le père, qui parle”. Patronage bij Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687)’, Jaarboek Orange-Nassau Museum (1988), 52–107Google Scholar, esp. 68–71. KHA, DWF 1648, 23 June/3 July, 24 June/4 July, 26 June/6 July, 14/24 Sep., 25 Oct/ 4 Nov., 4/14 Nov.; DWF 1649, 20/30 Sep., 18/28 Oct. KHA, William II records XI c 7: Letters from the Zealand regent Hendrick Thibaut to William II Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 314–15 (14 08 1649)Google Scholar; William II to Mazarin(?).

38 Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 220–7 (27 05 1647)Google Scholar; Servien to Mazarin.

39 Underdown, Pride's purge; Worden, A. B., The Rump Parliament 1648–1653 (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 1–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

40 Charles's ideas as to the Engagement and the Covenant in Scrope, R. and Monkhouse, T. (eds.), State papers collected by E. Hyde, earl of Clarendon, commencing 1621 (3 vols., Oxford, 1767–1786), II, 305Google Scholar (Charles to Henrietta Maria, 15 Dec. 1646).

41 Coonan, T. L., The Irish catholic confederacy and the Puritan revolution (Dublin, London, New York, 1954), pp. 177–293Google Scholar. Bagwell, R., Ireland under the Stuarts during the Interregnum (2 vols., London, 1909), II, 103–90Google Scholar.

42 E., Hyde earl of Clarendon, The history of the rebellion and Civil Wars in England (Oxford, 1843), pp. 564–5Google Scholar and 594–605. Fraser, A., King Charles II (London, 1980), pp. 34–5Google Scholar. Hoskins, S. E., Charles the Second in the Channel Islands (2 vols., London, 1854), I, 300–448Google Scholar.

43 Underdown, D., Royalist conspiracy in England 1649–1660 (New Haven, 1960), pp. 9–12Google Scholar. Wormald, B. H. G., Clarendon, politics, history and religion 1640–1660 (Cambridge, 1951), pp. 147–58Google Scholar and passim. Nicholas, D., Mr. Secretary Nicholas 1593–1669. His life and letters (London, 1953), pp. 224–40Google Scholar and passim.

44 Digby, D. A., Anglo-French relations 1641 to 1649 (London, 1933), pp. 56–150Google Scholar; Ph. Knachel, A., England and the Fronde. The impact of the English Civil War and revolution on France (Ithaca, New York, 1967), pp. 18–49Google Scholar; Cf. Loomie, , ‘Cardenas’ CSP Ven. 1647–1652 (London, 1927), p. 42Google Scholar, Nani to Venice, 11 Feb. 1648.

45 Powell, J. R., The navy in the English Civil War (London, 1962), pp. 146–90Google Scholar.

46 ARA, RSH 1648, pp. 332–3 (30 Sep.), 335 (1 Oct.), 353 (9 Oct.). GAM, RSH Stellingwerff 144, same dates.

47 Groenveld, , ‘Als by het huwelyck’, pp. 150–2Google Scholar.

48 Gemeentearchief Rotterdam (GAR), Resolutions of the Council 22, p. 231 (10 Sep. 1648). Gemeentelijke Archiefdienst Amsterdam (GAA), Resolutions of the Council 18, f. 204 ro. (11 Sept. 1648). The passive neutralists: GAM, RSH Stellingwerff 144, 3 October 1648.

49 ARA, RSG 1648, 6 November.

50 KHA, DWF 1648, 2/12 July, 12/22 Sep., 27 N0V./7 Dec.

51 Worp, J. A. (ed.), De briefwisseling van Conslantijn Huygens (1608–1687) (6 vols., The Hague, 1911–1918), IV, 491Google Scholar (19 Aug. 1648), 493 (30 and 31 Aug.), 493–494 (2 and 3 Sep.), 497–8 (21 Sep.), 498–9 (28 Sep.), 502–3 (19 Oct.): David le Leu de Wilhem to Huygens. Most of these letters are also published by Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 263–73Google Scholar.

52 Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 267–8Google Scholar; memorandum by William II, written in November 1648 as the contents makes clear, and not in September as the editor suggests. Groenveld, , ‘Willem II’, p. 171Google Scholar n. 63.

53 Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 352–3 (24 02 1650)Google Scholar; William II to Godefroy d'Estrades (?). Cf. p. lxix n. 2 (30 Jan. 1650): Servien to Crouillé; 415–18 (21 Sep. 1650): Brasset to Mazarin. The Frisian stadtholder too expected an alliance to be concluded between Spain and the parliament, with Holland as a third partner: KHA, DWF 1649, 14/24 Oct. About priorities: Groenveld, , ‘Willem II’, pp. 171–2Google Scholar. Fruin, R., ‘De oorlogsplannen van Prins Willem II na zijn aanslag op Amsterdam in 1650’, in his Verspreide Geschriften, IV, 122–94Google Scholar, esp. 136–7.

54 Groen, (ed.), Archives II4, pp. 267–8Google Scholar; memorandum by William II. For the activities of Prince Maurice in 1618, see Groenveld, and Leeuwenberg, , Bruid, pp. 29–44Google Scholar.

55 Clarendon, , History, pp. 673–4Google Scholar. Clarendon, , State papers, II, 416 (24 09/4 10 1648)Google Scholar; anonymous report. The privy councillors in the Republic acted sometimes as a prize court.

56 KHA, William II records XI D 5, 8 Nov. 1649: William II to Charles II. For the role of the Dutch, see Birch, J. (ed.), A collection of the state papers of John Thurloe esq. (7 vols., London, 1742), I, 115Google Scholar (9/19 Sep. 1649): information by Strickland.

57 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, pp. 48–52Google Scholar. KHA, William II records XI D 5, 14 Sept. 1649: William II to Charles II; ibid. VIII 15, 31 Jan. 1650: Hyde to William II; ibid. XI A 3, 22 Apr./2 May 1649: Henrietta Maria to William II. Clarendon, , History, p. 718Google Scholar.

58 Groenveld, , ‘Willem II’, pp. 174–5Google Scholar.

59 ARA, RSG 1649, 22 and 23 January. Loketkas 12598.52: Charles's declaration. The prince asked France as well for help: CSP Dom. 1648–1646, pp. 346, 347.

60 KHA, DWF 1648, 26 Oct./ 5 Nov. DWF 1649, 11/21 Aug.

61 Grosheide, D., Cromwell naar net oordeel van zijn Nederlandse tijdgenoten (Amsterdam, 1951), pp. 5–28Google Scholar.

62 ARA, Resolutions of Gecommitteerde Raden (executive council) of the States of Holland 1647–1649, 16 Feb. 1649. RSH 1649, p. 29 (25 Feb.), 30 (26 Feb.), 31 (1 March), 36 (2 March). RSG 1649, 19 to 22 Feb.

63 Provisional figures of seizures of ships and their values: Groenveld, , ‘English civil wars’, pp. 558–65Google Scholar.

64 ARA, RSG 1649, 1 May; RSH 1649, p. 112 (same date).

65 ARA, RSG 1649, 28 April, 1, 18, 23 May; RSH 1649, p. 105 (29 April); Groenveld, , ‘English civil wars’, p. 562Google Scholar.

66 On this mission see Groenveld, S., Het gewest en de unie. Het Hollandse gezantschap van Gerard Schaep Pietersz. naar Engeland, 1650–1651, als fase in de Nederlands-Engelse betrekkingen (unpublished master's thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1965)Google Scholar. Schaep's instructions may be found in ARA, RSH 1650, pp. 28–30.

67 ARA, RSH 1649, pp. 112 (1 May), 118 (6 May), 123 (8 May), 127 (12 May), 129 (13 May), 139 (18 May); GAM, RSH Stellingwerff 146 (same dates, esp. 8 and 12 May); GAA, Resolutions of the council 19, ff. 24 ro. – vo. (4 May). Rotterdam was less decisive: GAR, Resolutions of the Council 22, p. 260 (17 May).

68 GAA, Treasurer ordinary records 170: Resolution of the Council 2 June 1649 for a gift of f 150.000 to Charles, and receipt d.d. 6 June signed by Charles himself. Cf. KHA, DWF 1649, 5/15 August. William's loan: Wagenaar, J., Amsterdam, in zyne opkomst etc, I (Amsterdam, 1760), 550Google Scholar. Clarendon, , History, p. 718Google Scholar.

69 Bryant, A. (ed.), The letters, speeches and declarations of King Charles II (2nd edn, London, 1946), pp. 14–16Google Scholar.

70 William had first of all contacts with an Englishman by birth, by then a citizen of Amsterdam, John Webster. See Groenveld, , Verlopend Getij, pp. 125, 289, 303, 307, 343Google Scholar; Klein, P. W., De Trippen in de lye eeuw (Assen, 1965), pp. 200, 218, 361, 366Google Scholar. KHA, William II records VIII 15: memorandum over talks between the privy council and William II, May–June 1650. Bodl. Lib., Carte MSS 130, fos. 220–3. (7/:7 June 1650): Instructions for John Berkeley concerning the Scillies, and fos. 240–1. (2/12 Sep.): John Webster to Charles II.

71 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, p. 59Google Scholar.

72 Hees, P. van, in Geyl, P., Verspreide opstellen, I (Utrecht, Antwerp, 1978), xiiiGoogle Scholar.

73 Geyl, , Oranje en Stuart, p. 37Google Scholar and n. I and 4. Cf. the same uncritical method in ‘De Oranjes en Antwerpen, 1646–1650’, in his Kemproblemen, pp. 80–105.

74 ‘Interview van Bibeb met Geyl (1958)’, in Geyl, P., Verspreide opstellen, I, 21–9Google Scholar, esp. 26. Cf. Dunk, H. W. von der, Pieter Geyl, 15 december 1887–31 december 1966 (Amsterdam, 1967), pp. 2, 8–9Google Scholar; Wilson, C., Profit and power, pp. 7–8Google Scholar.

75 Groenveld, S., De Prins voor Amsterdam. Readies uit pamfletten over de aanslag van 1650 (Bussum, 1967), pp. 54–75Google Scholar.

76 Geyl, ‘Verzuimde kans’, passim.

77 Geyl, P., Het stadhouderschap in departij-literatuur cinder De Witt (Amsterdam, 1947)Google Scholar. Cf. Mulier, E. O. G. Haitsma and Janssen, A. E. M. (eds.), Willem van Oranje in de historie 1584–1984 (Utrecht, 1984), pp. 32–62Google Scholar, esp. 46–55. Rogier, L. J., ‘Evoluties in het historisch portret van het huis Oranje’, in his Terugblik en uitzicht. Verspreide opstellen (2 vols., Hilversum, Antwerp, 1964), I, 109–23Google Scholar.