¹ Cf. in this context the remark of Hause and Kenney that ‘attention has correctly been drawn to the powerful family orientation of Catholic societies, which were less likely to develop a woman's movement than Protestant societies in which the prevalent ethic stressed the independent action of the individual’ (Steven C. Hause and Anne R. Kenney, ‘The limits of suffragist behaviour: legalism and militancy in France 1876–1922’, American Historical Review, lxxxvi, no. 4 (1981), 795).