Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-wxhwt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T22:36:44.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Star Formation in the Nuclei of Normal Galaxies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2016

Peter Biermann*
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, F.R.G.

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

For the purpose of this talk, I define all those galaxies as normal whose nuclear regions are not known to be dominated by a compact source. Thus I will exclude N galaxies, Seyfert galaxies and radio galaxies, but include galaxies like M81 and M82 which have weak compact nuclei. My review is organized in three parts, (i) tracers of star formation, (ii) star formation in the nuclear regions of observed galaxies, and (iii) the theoretical attempts to interpret the observational material.

Type
Joint Discussion
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

References

Aaronson, M., 1978. Astrophys. J. 221, L103 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitken, D.K., Jones, B., Penman, , 1974. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 169, 35P CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alloin, D., Kunth, D., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 71, 335 Google Scholar
Ardeberg, A., 1976. Astron. Astrophys. 46, 87 Google Scholar
Azzopardi, M., Vigneau, J., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 56, 151 Google Scholar
Baade, W., 1944a. Astrophys. J. 100, 137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baade, W., 1944b. Astrophys. J. 100, 147 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, J.R., Hasiam, C.G.T., Jones, B.B., Wielebinski, R., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 59, 261 Google Scholar
Balick, B., Faber, S.M., Gallagher, J.S., 1976. Astrophys. J. 209, 710 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbieri, C., Tullio, G.di, 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 74, 110 Google Scholar
Baum, W.A., 1959. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 71, 106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, S. C, Lacy, J.H., Baas, F., Townes, C.H., 1978. Astrophys. J. 226, 545 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, M.B., Seaquist, E.R., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 56, 461 Google Scholar
Benvenuti, P., Capaccioli, M., D’Odorico, S., 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 41, 91 Google Scholar
Bergh, van den, S., 1971. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 474 Google Scholar
Bergh, van den, S., 1972. Journal Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada 66, 237 Google Scholar
Bergh, van den, S., 1975. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 13, 217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergh, van den, S., 1976a. Astrophys. J. 81, 795 Google Scholar
Bergh, van den, S., 1976b. Astrophys. J. 206, 883 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergh, van den, S., 1978. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 38, 119 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertola, F., Galletta, G., 1978. Astrophys. J. 276, L115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieging, J.H., Biermann, P., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 60, 361 Google Scholar
Bieging, J.H., Biermann, P., Fricke, K.J., Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K., Witzel, A., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 60, 353 Google Scholar
Bieging, J.H., 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 64, 23.Google Scholar
Biermann, P., 1976. Astron. Astrophys. 53, 295 Google Scholar
Biermann, P., Fricke, K.J., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 54, 461 Google Scholar
Biermann, P., Shapiro, S.L., 1979. Astrophys. J. 230 233 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biermann, P., Clarke, J.N., Fricke, K.J., 1979a. Astron. Astrophys. 75, 7 Google Scholar
Biermann, P., Clarke, J.N., Fricke, K.J., 1979b. Astron. Astrophys. 75, 19 Google Scholar
Biermann, P., Clarke, J.N., Fricke, K.J., Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K., Schmidt, J., Witzel, A., 1979c. Astron. Astrophys. (in press)Google Scholar
Biermann, P., Preuss, E., Schilizzi, R.T., Shaffer, D.B., 1979d. (To be published)Google Scholar
Bohuski, T.J., Fairall, A.P., Weedman, D.W., 1978. Astrophys. J. 221, 776 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bok, B.J., Reilly, E.F., 1947. Astrophys. J. 105, 255 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bok, B.J., 1956. Astron. J. 61, 309 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bok, B.J., Cordwell, C.S., Cromwell, R.H., 1971. in “Dark nebulae, globules and protostars”. Ed. Lynds, B.T., Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, p. 33 Google Scholar
Bosma, A., v. d. HuIst, J. M., Sullivan, W. T. III, 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 57, 373 Google Scholar
Bottinelli, L., Chamaraux, P., Gouguenheim, L., Heidmann, J., 1973. Astron. Astrophys. 29, 217 Google Scholar
Bottinelli, L., Duflot, R., Gouguenheim, L., Heidmann, J., 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 41, 61 Google Scholar
Brown, R.L., Lockman, F.J., Knapp, G.R., 1978. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 16, 445 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruyn, A.G.de, Crane, P.C., Price, R.M., Carlson, J.B., 1976. Astron. Astrophys. 46, 243 Google Scholar
Bruyn, A.G.de, 1977a. Astron. Astrophys. 54, 491 Google Scholar
Bruyn, A.G.de, 1977b. Astron. Astrophys. 58, 221.Google Scholar
Chamaraux, P., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 60, 67.Google Scholar
Clark, D.H., Caswell, J.L., 1976. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 174, 267 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, D.H., Stephenson, F.R., 1977. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 179, 87P CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J.G., 1976. Astrophys. J. 203, 587 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, R.J., 1979. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 187, 839 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condon, J.J., Dressel, L.L., 1978. Astrophys. J. 221, 456 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottrell, G.A., 1976. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 177, 463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottrell, G.A., 1977. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 178, 577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottrell, G.A., 1978. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 184, 259 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, P.C., 1979. Astron. J. 84, 281 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danks, A. C, Laustsen, S., Woerden, H. v., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 73, 247 Google Scholar
Davies, R.D., 1972. IAU Symp. No. 44, Ed. Evans, D.S., Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, p. 67 Google Scholar
Disney, M.J., Pottasch, S.R., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 60, 43 Google Scholar
Elliott, K.H., Goudis, C., Meaburn, J., Tebbutt, N.J., 1377. Astron. Astrophys. 55, 187 Google Scholar
Faber, S.M., 1972. Astron. Astrophys. 20, 361 Google Scholar
Faber, S.M., Balick, B., Gallagher, J.S., Knapp, G.R., 1977. Astrophys. J. 214, 383 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairall, A.P., 1971. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 153, 383 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feast, M.W., 1963. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 125, 367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, J.R., Tully, R.B., 1976. Astron. Astrophys. 53, 397 Google Scholar
Fisher, J.R., Tully, R.B., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 84, 62 Google Scholar
Fosbury, R.A.E., Mebold, U., Goss, W.M., Dopita, M.A. 1978. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 183, 549 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frogel, J.A., Persson, S.E., Aaronson, M., Matthews, K., 1978. Astrophys. J. 220, 75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, J.S., Faber, S.M., Balick, B., 1975. Astrophys. J. 202, 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, J.S., Knapp, G.R., Faber, S.M., Balick, B., 1977. Astrophys. J. 215, 463 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geldzahler, B.J., Kellermann, K.I., Shaffer, D.B., Clark, B.G., 1977, Astrophys. J. 215, L5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genzel, R., Downes, D., 1977a. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 30, 145 Google Scholar
Genzel, R., Downes, D., 1977b. Astron. Astrophys. 61, 117 Google Scholar
Gouguenheim, L., 1979. Review paper at Austin conference Google Scholar
Gorenstein, P., Tucker, W.H., 1976. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 14, 373 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottesman, S.T., Weliachew, L., 1977. Astrophys. J. 211, 47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasdalen, G.L., Strom, K.M., Strom, S.E., 1973. Astrophys. J. 184, L53 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasdalen, G.L., 1975. in “HII regions and related topics”. Eds. Wilson, T.L., D.Downes, , Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habing, H.J., 1975. in “HII regions and related topics”, op. cit., p. 156 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habing, H.J., 1977. In IAU Coll. No. 42, Eds. Kippenhahn, R., J.Rahe, W.Strohmeier, , Astron. Inst. Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bd. XI, No. 121, p. 401 Google Scholar
Hamajima, K., Tosa, M., 1975. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 27, 561 Google Scholar
Hawarden, T.G., Woerden H., van, Mebold, U., Goss, W.M., Peterson, B.A., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 76, 230 Google Scholar
Himmes, A., Biermann, P., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. (submitted)Google Scholar
Hodge, P.W., 1963. Astron. J. 68, 691 Google Scholar
Hodge, P.W., 1969a. Astrophys. J. 156, 847 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P.W., 1969b. Astrophys. J. Suppl. No. 157, vol. 18, 73 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P.W., 1973a. Astrophys. J. 78, 807 Google Scholar
Hodge, P.W., 1973b. Astrophys. J. 182, 671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, P.W., 1974. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 27, 113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huchra, J.P., 1977a. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 35, 171 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huchra, J.P., 1977b. Astrophys. J. 217, 928 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huchtmeier, W.K., Tammann, G.A., Wendker, H.J., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 57, 313 Google Scholar
Huchtmeier, W.K., Witzel, A., Kühr, H., Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K., Roland, J., 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 64, L21 Google Scholar
Huchtmeier, W.K., Witzel, A., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 74, 138 Google Scholar
Huchtmeier, W.K., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 75, 170 Google Scholar
Humason, M.L., Mayall, N.U., Sandage, A.R., 1956. Astron. J. 61, 97 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Israel, F.P., Kruit, P.C. v.d., 1974. Astron. Astrophys. 32, 363 Google Scholar
Israel, F.P., Goss, W.M., Allen, R.J., 1975. Astron. Astrophys. 40, 421 Google Scholar
Israel, F.P., Koornneef, J., 1979. Astrophys. J. 230, 390 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
lye, M., Kodaira, K., 1975. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 27, 411 Google Scholar
Jennings, R.E., 1975. in “HII regions and related topics”, op. cit., p. 137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joly, M., Andrillat, Y., 1976. Astron. Astrophys. 50, 279 Google Scholar
Keel, W.C., Weedman, D.W., 1978. Astron. J. 83, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellermann, K.I., Shaffer, D.B., Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K., Preuss, E., Witzel, A., 1976. Astrophys. J. 210, L121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellermann, K.I., Shaffer, D.B., Clark, B.G., Geldzahler, B.J., 1977. Astrophys. J. 214, L61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, I.R., 1971. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 83, 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, G.R., Gallagher, J.S., Faber, S.M., Balick, B., 1977. Astron. J. 82, 106 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, G.R., Gallagher, J.S., Faber, S.M., 1978a. Astron. J. 83, 139 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, G.R., Kerr, F.J., Williams, B.A., 1978b. Astrophys. J. 222, 800 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kormendy, J., 1977. Astrophys. J. 214, 359 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koski, A.T., Osterbrock, D.E., 1976. Astrophys. J. 203, L49 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotanyi, C.G., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 74, 156 Google Scholar
Kotanyi, C.G., Ekers, R.D., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. 73, L1 Google Scholar
Kronberg, P.P., Wilkinson, P.N., 1975. Astrophys. J. 200, 430 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kronberg, P.P., Biermann, P., 1979. (To be published)Google Scholar
Kruit, P.C. v.d., Allen, R.J., 1976. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 14, 417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruit, P.C. v.d., Allen, R.J., Rots, A.H., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 55, 421 Google Scholar
Kruit, P.C. v.d., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 61, 171 Google Scholar
Krumm, N., Salpeter, E.E., 1979a. Astrophys. J. 227, 776 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krumm, N., Salpeter, E.E., 1979b. Astrophys. J. 228, 64 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacy, J.H., Baas, F., Townes, C.H., Geballe, T.R., 1979. Astrophys. J. 227, L17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, R.B., 1976. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 176, 31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, R.B., Tinsley, B.M., 1978. Astrophys. J. 219, 46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lequeux, J., 1971. Astron. Astrophys. 15, 42 Google Scholar
Lüst, R., 1952. Zeitschrift f. Naturforschung 7a, 87 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynden-Bell, D., Pringle, J.E., 1974. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 168, 603 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynds, B.T., 1972. IAU Symp. No. 44, op. cit., p. 56 Google Scholar
Madore, B.F., Bergh, S. v.d., Rogstad, D.H., 1974. Astrophys. J. 191, 317 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markarian, B.E., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 58, 139 Google Scholar
Mathewson, D.S., Kruit, P.C. v.d., Brouw, W.N., 1972. Astron. Astrophys. 17, 468 Google Scholar
Maza, J., Bergh, S. v.d., 1976. Astrophys. J. 204, 519 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrill, K.M., 1977. In IAU Coll. No. 42, op. cit., p. 446 Google Scholar
Mezger, P.G., Henderson, A.P., 1967. Astrophys. J. 147, 471 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezger, P.G., Höglund, B., 1967. Astrophys. J. 147, 471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezger, P.G., Schraml, J., Terzian, Y., 1967. Astrophys. J. 150, 807 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mezger, P.G., Pauls, T., 1978. IAU Symp. No. 84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W.W., Maya11, N.U., 1957. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 69, 291 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W.W., 1958. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 70, 364 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W.W., 1959. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 71, 92 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, W.W., Osterbrock, D.E., 1969. Astron. J. 74, 515 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, M., Lo, K.Y., 1978. Astrophys. J. 223, 803 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neugebauer, G., Becklin, E.E., Oke, J.B., Searle, L., 1976. Astrophys. J. 205, 29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, R.W., 1978. Astrophys. J. 206, 370 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, R.W., Mangano, J.J., 1978. Astrophys. J. 221, 62 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, R.W., Thuan, T.X., Goldstein, S.J., 1978. Astrophys. J. 226, Lll Google Scholar
Oort, J.H., 1977. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 15, 295 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterbrock, D.E., 1974. “Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae”, Freeman, San Francisco, Calif.Google Scholar
Penston, M.V., Fosbury, R.A.E., Ward, M.J., Wilson, A.S., 1977. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 180, 19 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, C.J., Rubin, V. C, Ford, W.K. Jr., Roberts, M.S., 1978. Astrophys. J. 226, 770 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preuss, E., Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K., Witzel, A., Kellermann, K.I., Shaffer, D.B., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 54, 297 Google Scholar
Pritehet, C., 1977. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 35, 397 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritehet, C., 1979. Astrophys. J. 231, 35 Google Scholar
Reif, K., Mebold, U., Goss, W.M., 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 67, Ll Google Scholar
Rickard, L.J., Turner, B.E., Palmer, P., 1977. Astrophys. 218, L51 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieke, G.H., Lebofsky, M.J., 1979. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 17,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M.S., 1972. IAU Symp. No. 44, op. cit., p. 12 Google Scholar
Roberts, M.S., 1975. in “Galaxies and the Universe”, vol. 9 of “Stars and stellar systems”, Eds. Sandage, A.R., Sandage, M., J.Kristian, , Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, III., p. 309 Google Scholar
Rubin, V. C, Ford, W.K. Jr., Strom, K.M., Strom, S.E., Romanishin, W., 1978. Astrophys. J. 224, 782 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, V. C, Ford, W.K. Jr., Roberts, M.S., 1979. Astrophys. J. 230, 35 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, A.R., 1961. “The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies”, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C. Google Scholar
Sandage, A.R., Visvanathan, N., 1978. Astrophys. J. 223, 707 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandage, A.R., Brucato, R., 1979. Astron. J. 84, 472 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargent, W.L.W., 1970. Astrophys. J. 160, 405 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sargent, W.L.W., 1972. Astrophys. J. 173, 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schraml, J., Mezger, P.G., 1969. Astrophys. J. 156, 269 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweizer, F., 1978. Astrophys. J. 220, 98 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seaquist, E.R., Bell, M.B., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 60, LI Google Scholar
Seaquist, E.R., Davis, L., Bignell, R. C, 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 63, 199 Google Scholar
Searle, L., Sargent, W.L.W., 1972. Astrophys. J. 173, 25 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, L., Sargent, W.L.W., Bagnuolo, W.G., 1973. Astrophys. J. 179, 427 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segalovitz, A., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 61, 59 Google Scholar
Sersic, J.L., Carranza, G., Pastoriza, M., 1972. Astrophys. Sp. Sc. 19, 469 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaver, P.A., Churchwell, E., Rots, A.H., 1977. Astron. Astrophys. 55, 435 Google Scholar
Shaver, P.A., Churchwell, E., Walmsley, C.M., 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 64, 1 Google Scholar
Shaver, P.A., 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 68, 97 Google Scholar
Smith, L.F., Biermann, P., Mezger, P.G., 1978. Astron. Astrophys. 66, 65 Google Scholar
Spinrad, H., Peimbert, M., 1975. in “Galaxies and the Universe”, op. cit., p. 37 Google Scholar
Stocke, J.T., Tifft, W.G., Kaftan-Kassim, M.A., 1978. Astron. J. 83, 322 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, K.M., Strom, S.E., 1978a. Astron. J. 83, 73 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, K.M., Strom, S.E., 1978c. Astron. J. 83, 1293 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, S.E., Strom, K.M., Grasdalen, G.L., 1375. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 13, 187 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, S.E., Strom, K.M., Goad, J.W., Vrba, F.J., Rice, W., 1976. Astrophys. J. 204, 684 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, S.E., Strom, K.M., 1978b. Astrophys. J. 83, 732 Google Scholar
Sulentic, J.W., 1976a. Astrophys. J. Suppl . 32, 17l CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulentic, J.W., 1976b. Astron.J. 81, 582 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talbot, R.J. Jr., Arnett, W.D., 1375. Astrophys. J. 197, 551 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thronson, H.A. Jr., Campbell, M.F., Harvey, P.M., 1978 Astron. J. 83, 1581 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinsley, B.M., Gunn, J.E., 1976a. Astrophys. J. 203, 52 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinsley, B.M., Gunn, J.E., 1976b. Astrophys. J. 206, 525 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinsley, B.M., 1977. in “Supernovae”, Ed. Schramm, D.N., Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, p. 117 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinsley, B.M., 1978. Astrophys. J. 222, 14 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinsley, B.M., Larson, R.B., 1979. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 186, 503 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toomre, A., Toomre, J., 1972. Astrophys. J. 178, 623 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tosa, M., Hamajima, K., 1975. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 27, 501 Google Scholar
Tovmassian, H.M., Sramek, R.A., 1976. Astrofizika 12, 21.Google Scholar
Trefftz, E. 1952. Zeitschrift f. Naturforschung 7a, 99 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, B.E., 1979. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 37, 1 Google Scholar
Turnrose, B.E., 1976. Astrophys. J. 210, 33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaucouleurs, G.de, Vaucouleurs, A.de, Corwin, H.G. Jr., 1976. “Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies”, Texas University Press, Austin, TX Google Scholar
Vettolani, G., Zamorani, G., 1977. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 178, 693 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, F.J., Strom, K.M., Strom, S.E., Grasdalen, G.L., 1975. Astrophys. J. 197, 77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walmsley, C.M., 1975. In “HII regions and related topics”, op. cit., p. 17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weedman, D.W., 1973. Astrophys. J. 183, 29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitford, A.E., 1975. in “Galaxies and the Universe”, op. cit., p. 159 Google Scholar
Whitford, A.E., 1977. Astrophys. J. 211, 527 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, T.B., 1976. Astrophys. J. 209, 716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, T.L., 1975. in “HII regions and related topics”, op. cit., p. 39 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winnberg, A., 1977. IAU Coll. No. 42, op. cit., p. 495 Google Scholar
Winnewisser, G., Churchwell, E., Walmsley, C.M., 1979. “Modern aspects of microwave spectroscopy”, Academic Press, New York Google Scholar
Woerden, H. van, Goss, W.M., Mebold, U., Siegman, B., Hawarden, T.G., 1976. Proc. Austral. Soc. Astron. 3, 68 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynn-Williams, C.G., Becklin, E.E., Neugebauer, G. 1972. Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. 160, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynn-Williams, C.G., Becklin, E.E., 1974. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 86, 5 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, B., Palmer, P., 1974. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 279 CrossRefGoogle Scholar