¹ Magna, Runnymede Eco-Village, http://www.runnymede.community/photos/magna/ (last visited May 20, 2016).Google Scholar

² Linda Colley, Taking Stock of Taking Liberties 9 (2008), Consider the neoclassical altar-like design of space in which the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Declaration of Independence are displayed in Washington. — Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, National Archives Museum, http://www.archives.gov/museum/visit/rotunda.html (last visited Mar. 11, 2017).Google Scholar

³ See also the chapter on Edward Coke in Richard Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England 63–104 (1992). Following the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688, the myth of the ancient unwritten constitution was canonically elaborated by William Blackstone in his epic Commentaries on the Laws of England (1979) (1765–69). This myth also informs the confrontations between Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine around the French Revolution, which Costas Douzinas associates with modern law's suspicion of visual images. Cf. Costas Douzinas, Prosopon and Antiprosopon: Prolegomena for a Legal Iconography, in Law and the Image 56 (Douzinas & Lynda Nead eds., 1999).Google Scholar

⁴ See Douzinas, supra note 3.Google Scholar

⁵ Peter Goodrich, Legal Emblems and the Art of Law (2013). For an analysis of legal images as powerful myths that “metastasize” the forces at work in periods of legal transition and transformation, see Manderson, Desmond, The Metastases of Myth, 26 L. & Critique 207 (2015).Google Scholar

⁶ Id. at 252.Google Scholar

⁷ Peter Goodrich, Visiocracy: On the Futures of the Fingerpost, 39 Critical Inquiry 501 (2013).Google Scholar

⁸ Peter Goodrich, Languages of Law 53 (1990) (“The legal tradition had its basis, its foundation, in a notion of tradition and of polity that was borrowed directly from the Anglican Church.”). Central to that foundation was the Church of England's doctrine of the Eucharist as “a theory of the sign … and of interpretation.” Id. at 55. Similar theological configurations can be seen from Manderson's analysis of images from the same period, particularly that of Blind Justice: The figure of blind justice is a myth of modern law in just this sense. It takes the underlying cultural oppositions that had been central to the contested emergence of modern law for centuries—between law and justice, letter and spirit, particular and general, local and universal, spiritual and temporal—and finds a new accommodation, transforming these dichotomies from the underlying critique of modern law to the condition of its authority.Google Scholar

Manderson, supra note 5, at 216.Google Scholar

⁹ Manderson, supra note 5, at 218.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Costas Douzinas, A Short History of the British Critical Legal Conference or, the Responsibility of the Critic, 25 L. & Critique 187, 194 (2014).Google Scholar

¹¹ See Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Dec. 13, 2007, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 1 [hereinafter Treaty of Lisbon].Google Scholar

¹² See The Secretary of State for Justice, The Governance of Britain (2007), https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228834/7170.pdf; UK Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights, A Bill of Rights for the UK? (2008), http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200708/jtselect/jtrights/165/165i.pdf; David Cameron, Balancing Freedom and Security, The Guardian (June 26, 2006), http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2006/jun/26/conservatives.constitution. For a more complete account of these debates, see Kayman, Martin A., The Bill of Rights: “Icons” of Liberty and Law in the Early Twenty-First Century, 5 Law and Humanities 323 (2011).Google Scholar

¹³ The Secretary of State for Justice, supra note12, at 40.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See Colley, supra note 2 (noting that the UK does not have any document comparable to the Constitution on display in Washington, DC). An organization entitled Charter 88 had campaigned for a written constitution since 2005. Cf. Linda Colley, Writing Constitutions into British History, Bristol University Centenary Lecture (July 21, 2009), http://www.bristol.ac.uk/centenary/listen/lectures/colley.html (audio recording). For further context, see also infra note 43.Google Scholar

¹⁵ See The Secretary of State for Justice, supra note 12. The original Bill of Rights was a key part of the constitutional settlement known as the “Glorious Revolution” that ended the contest between monarch and parliament under the Stuarts and assured the Protestant succession in Britain.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Id. at 58.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Id. at 54.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Cameron, supra note 12.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Id. Google Scholar

²⁰ Conservative Party Central Office, Protecting Human Rights in the UK (2014), https://www.conservatives.com/~/media/Files/Downloadable%20Files/HUMAN_RIGHTS.pdf.Google Scholar

²¹ “Prevent” was the name given to a key element in the Government's strategy from 2010 for combating terrorism and extremism. The latter term was defined in 2011 as “vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values.” H.M. Government, Revised Prevent Duty Guidance: For England and Wales 2 (2015), https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/445977/3799_Revised_Prevent_Duty_Guidance__England_Wales_V2-Interactive.pdf (emphasis added). Further promised legislation has been hampered by difficulties in defining these values in a culturally inclusive and legally robust manner.Google Scholar

²² The indeterminate implications of the outcome of the referendum on E.U. membership held on June 23, 2016 was reflected in the phrase “Brexit means Brexit.” The slogan was first used by Theresa May at the launch of her successful campaign to succeed David Cameron as Prime Minister following his resignation. Jessica Elgot & Rowena Mason, Theresa May launches Tory leadership bid with pledge to unite country, The Guardian, June 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/theresa-may-launches-tory-leadership-bid-with-pledge-to-unite-country. It was much repeated in subsequent months by supporters of the “Leave” vote as the answer to any questioning of the meaning of the electoral act. The tautological explanation of one opaque but emotive neologism by reference to itself is consistent with the argument elaborated below regarding the way in which the self-referential character of the postmodern icon obscures the absence of a core of substantive meaning.Google Scholar

²³ For a “rhetorical analysis” of the exploitation of Magna Carta as a “founding myth” for Britishness by the leaders of both major parties, see Atkins, Judi, (Re)imagining Magna Carta, Parliamentary Affairs (2015), http://pa.oxfordjournals.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/content/early/2015/11/30/pa.gsv057.full.pdf+html.Google Scholar

²⁴ Magna Carta was as much a peace treaty as a foundational legal text. The original Charter commemorated in 2015 followed an uprising of the Barons against King John in 1214 and resulted from negotiations brokered by the Archbishop of Canterbury at Runnymede in June 1215. The provisions in the sixty-three clauses of the original Latin text included regulations relating to freedom of navigation of rivers, the standardization of weights and measures, taxation, the rights of heirs and widows, the administration of the law, reparations to the Welsh, relief from the payment of debts to Jews, and limits on access to the law for women. Only four clauses now remain on the statute book. Two guarantee the ancient liberties of the Church, the City of London and some other towns, and the other two have been amalgamated into the commitment to “the rule of law” discussed below. When people refer to “Magna Carta” with any precision at all, they are referring to the latter clauses. Some thirteen copies were made of the foundational text of Magna Carta, of which four survive. But the original document celebrated in June 2015 was in fact repudiated a few months after the sealing by the King, who was supported by the Pope. Following King John's death, a new version, accompanied by a “Charter of the Forest,” was issued in the name of the infant King Henry III. It was only in 1225, now in his majority, that Henry promulgated—for the first time of the sovereign's own will—definitive new versions of both charters, which were finally placed on the statute book by Edward I in 1297.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ray Galton and Allan Simpson, Twelve Angry Men, Hancock's Half Hour, series 5, episode 4 (BBC TV. Oct. 16, 1959), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqFseRBPy9M. Sidney Lumet's 12 Angry Men, produced by and starring Henry Fonda, was distributed by United Artists in 1957.Google Scholar

²⁶ David Letterman, The Late Show (CBS television broadcast Sept. 26, 2012), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0wWriPToSQ.Google Scholar

²⁷ David Cameron, Magna Carta 800th Anniversary: PM's speech, GOV.UK (June 15, 2015), https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/magnacarta-800th-anniversary-pms-speech.Google Scholar

²⁸ A Pathé newsreel of the event is available at http://www.britishpathe.com/video/historical-pageant/query/Carta. See also a contemporary newspaper report, Runnymede: Its Magnificent Pageant, Sydney Morning Herald (Sept. 9, 1934), http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page1142817.Google Scholar

²⁹ Cameron, supra note 27.Google Scholar

³⁰ The structure is visible in the background of the photograph featuring the Runnymede Eco-village Diggers above in Figure 1.Google Scholar

³¹ Magna Carta Monument, Historic England (Dec. 18, 2016), http://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1430723.Google Scholar

³² The land was acquired and gifted to the National Trust in 1929 by the American widow of Urban Hanlan Broughton, a British-born engineer who had made his fortune in the USA before returning to the UK and becoming a Conservative MP. For details, see Vincent, Nicholas & Franklin, Steven, Runnymede and the Commemoration of Magna Carta (1923–2015), The Magna Carta Project (July 2015), http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature of the month/Jul 2015.Google Scholar

³³ American Bar Association, Homepage, Magna Carta: Icon of Liberty, http://iconofliberty.com (last visited May 20, 2016). The site was created by the American Bar Association Division for Public Education through a grant from the Magna Carta Trust as a legacy project to commemorate the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta.Google Scholar

³⁴ Id. Google Scholar

³⁵ See Letterman, supra note 26 and accompanying text (recounting the interview between David Letterman and David Cameron about Magna Carta).Google Scholar

³⁶ American Bar Association, Protest Art Invokes Magna Carta, Magna Carta: Icon of Liberty, http://iconofliberty.com/gallery/perspective-view-of-the-blockade-of-boston-harbor-by-christian-remnick-1768/?link=main-gallery (last visited May 20, 2016). From a global point of view, at the time when negotiations were underway regarding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, perhaps the most important measure of the Magna Carta was indeed the safeguards against unlawful taxation invoked in modern times by the Boston revolt.Google Scholar

³⁷ American Bar Association, Images of an Icon, Magna Carta: Icon of Liberty, http://iconofliberty.com/main-gallery/ (last visited May 20, 2016). Images depicted include the door and frieze of the US Supreme Court and the constitutions of American States, along with “Magna Carta Shares Space at Fort Knox” and, auspiciously, “Magna Carta makes a splash at 1939 Worlds Fair” (http://iconofliberty.com/icon/manuscript/). The images selected in the area of popular culture are, with the exception of the British folk band “Magna Carta” and a link to a TED talk by Tim Berners-Lee, entirely American (http://iconofliberty.com/icon/culture/), as are the two exhibitions included in the section “Exhibits” (http://iconofliberty.com/icon/exhibits/). Under “Display” we find images referring to Magna Carta in stained glass windows in Boston, Mass., Philadelphia, and Worcester Cathedral; the pulpit of the National Cathedral, Washington DC; the frieze of the British Supreme Court; the façade of the Supreme Court of Colorado, and murals from Indiana, Ohio and Wisconsin; a replica of Magna Carta itself at the US Capitol, and monuments from Australia, Canada, and South Africa (http://iconofliberty.com/icon/display/).Google Scholar

³⁸ American Bar Association, supra note 33.Google Scholar

³⁹ See Douzinas, supra note 3. Goodrich himself draws a parallel between his notion of “visiocracy” and Marie-José Mondzain's influential theory of “iconocracy.” See Goodrich, supra note 5, at 16 n.16; Marie-José Mondzain, Can Images Kill?, 36 Critical Inquiry 20 (2009).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Manderson, supra note 5.Google Scholar

⁴¹ American Bar Association, supra note 37.Google Scholar

⁴² In the context of his campaign in favor of the 1832 Anatomy Act, Bentham proposed that utility would be further maximized through a system of post-mortem dissection if the remains were used to allow everyone to have a memorial to themselves constructed out of their own skeleton, dressed in their own clothes, and surmounted by their preserved head. See Bentham, Jeremy, Bentham's Auto-Icon and Related Writings (Crimmins, James E. ed., 2002); Martin Kayman, A Memorial for Jeremy Bentham: Memory, Fiction, and Writing the Law, 15 L. & Critique 207 (2004). Bentham's own “auto-icon” can be seen in a corridor of University College London. UCL Culture, University College London, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums/jeremy-bentham (last visited May 20, 2016).Google Scholar

⁴³ The exhibition took place from October 31, 2008 to March 1, 2009. See Ashley, Michael, Taking Liberties (2008); Colley, supra note 2; Kayman, supra note 12 notes the contrasts between this exhibition and the 1988 commemorations of the 300^th anniversary of the Glorious Revolution and the “Bill of Rights.”Google Scholar

⁴⁴ British Library, Online Exhibits: Star Items, Taking Liberties, http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems.html (last visited May 20, 2016).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Cameron, supra note 27.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ British Library, Making History, British Library (Feb. 2, 2015), http://www.bl.uk/press-releases/2015/february/four-original-surviving-magnacarta-manuscripts-are-brought-together-for-the-first-time.Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ British Library, Explore the World's Sacred Texts, British Library, http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/ (last visited May 20, 2016).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Magna Carta: Icon of Liberty (Rex Davis ed., 1988).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Nurser, John S., Introduction, Magna Carta 12.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Davis, Epilogue, Magna Carta 54.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Peter Goodrich, The Visial Line: On the Prehistory of Law and Film, 14 Parallax 55 (2008). See Goodrich, supra note 8.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ See Kayman, Martin A., Iconic Violence: Belief, Law and the Visual, 31 Textual Practice 1 (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2016.1249710. The exhibition itself took place against the background of a conflict over the management of the cathedral—an episode itself illustrative of a crisis in the Anglican establishment. Cf. Andrew Brown, Blue Murder in the Cathedral, Independent, Oct. 14, 1994.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See Cover, Robert M., Foreword: Nomos and Narrative, 97 Harvard L. R. 4, 17–18 (1983).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Nicholas Vincent, Introduction, Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy 14–15 (Claire Breay & Julian Harrison eds., 2015).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Id. Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Alexander Lock & Justin Champion, Radicalism and Reform, Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy 160, 163 (Claire Breay & Julian Harrison eds., 2015).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Id. at 161.Google Scholar

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⁶¹ Vincent, supra note 56, at 15.Google Scholar

⁶² Joshua Rozenberg, Magna Carta in the Modern Age, Magna Carta 210.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ For a comprehensive study of Lady Justice, see Curtis, Dennis E. & Judith Resnik, Images of Justice, 96 Yale L. J. 1727 (1987).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See Kayman, Martin A., The Law and the Statuesque, 24 L. & Critique 1 (2013).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ See Hale, Matthew, The History of the Common Law of England: Written by a Learned Hand 23 (1713) and Blackstone, supra note 3, at III. 379. For further discussion of sculpture and law, see Kayman, supra note 65 and Kayman, The Bill of Rights, supra note 12.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ In relation to public art, see both Igor Toronyi-Lalic, What's That Thing?: A Report on Public Art (2012), and the official designation of forty-one new listed works by the body responsible for England's historic environment, Historic England, in January 2016, of which nearly half involve the human figure, Post-War Public Art Listed, Historic England (Jan. 22, 2016), https://historicengland.org.uk/news-and-features/news/Post-War-Public-Art-Listed. For an account of the cultural politics associated with return of the human body in contemporary British sculpture, see Kayman, Martin A., Bodies of Law and Sculptural Bodies, 24 Textual Prac. 799 (2010).Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Hew Locke, The Jurors, (Surrey County Council and National Trust ed., 2015) [a broadsheet guide to the artwork] http://artatrunnymede.com.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Id. at http://artatrunnymede.com/introductory-video/.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ The website also offers a film of the dedication showing a group of predominantly young people of various racial origins—of the sort identified in 2007 as alienated from the political process—and some with disabilities perform a reading of Owen Sheers's poem, “Or In Any Other Way,” in which much of the material alluded to in the sculpture is put into the meter of Wilde's “The Ballad of Reading Gaol.” Id. at http://artatrunnymede.com/dedication/.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Locke, supra note 69.Google Scholar

⁷² Compare Anthony Gormley's One and Other, which occupied the vacant Fourth Plinth at Trafalgar Square for 100 days in 2009 with a series of 2,400 volunteers. Anthony Gormley, One and Other (2010). Daniel Berset's Broken Chair (1997), a monumental wooden sculpture with a broken leg, sponsored by Handicap International for the Palace of Nations, Geneva, offers a contrasting, and arguably more disturbing, use of the chair.Google Scholar

⁷³ The chairs are built on an underground frame and their arrangement cannot be reconfigured.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Supra note 25.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Following the failure of Oscar Wilde's libel case against the Marquis of Queensbury in 1895, Wilde was tried for the crimes of sodomy and gross indecency. The jury in the first trial in 1895 was unable to come to a verdict; at his retrial, however, Wilde was found guilty and sentenced to two years' hard labor. See H. Montgomery Hyde, The Trials of Oscar Wilde 222 (1962).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ The Zong became calm on its journey to the Caribbean and according to the owners, with water running out and disease spreading, the crew had, “of necessity,” thrown the slaves overboard in order to save the ship. Returning to Britain, the owners, the Gregson syndicate, claimed compensation for loss of cargo against their insurers. In the first trial, in 1783, the jury found against the underwriters on the grounds that the transported Africans were indeed a form of property, similar to a cargo of horses. On appeal, however, Lord Chief Justice Mansfield agreed with the insurers, who maintained, according to legal custom, that only when a slave is killed in the course of suppressing an insurrection was compensation due to the owners. Although a retrial was ordered, the owners dropped their case. The affair played an important role in the growing campaign to outlaw the slave trade in Britain. Cf. James Walvin, The Zong: A Massacre, the Law and the End of Slavery (2011).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ More images are available from the website dedicated to the artwork. See Jurors, The, supra note 68.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ See Figure 3.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Supra note 24.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Magna Carta, cl. 39 (1215).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Blackstone, supra note 3, at III. 379.Google Scholar

⁸² Cairns, John W. & Grant McLeod, The Dearest Birth Right of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law 1 (2002).Google Scholar

⁸³ In addition to local dignitaries, the unveiling party included the local member of parliament for the area —and Foreign Secretary—the local member of the European Parliament, and the Speaker of the House of Commons. “Lined up for the Unveiling,” from Magna Carta: “Fabulous” Statue of Queen Elizabeth II Unveiled, GetSurrey (June 14, 2015, 2:42 PM), http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/magnacarta-fabulous-statue-queen-9450484 (providing this and other images of the ceremony) [hereinafter Magna Carta: “Fabulous” Statue of Queen Elizabeth II Unveiled]Google Scholar

⁸⁴ See Figure 4, where the tiles are visible in the foreground.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ For the icon in imperial Rome, see Douzinas, supra note 3, at 46–7.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See News, Her Majesty's 60^th Anniversary Statute (2013), http://www.queenjubileestatue.co.uk/.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ The Forum sponsored the critical account of public art by Toronyi-Lalic, supra note 67.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ View the appeal at http://www.runnymedemagnacartalegacy.org.uk/about/.Google Scholar

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⁹⁰ Magna Carta: “Fabulous” Statue of Queen Elizabeth II Unveiled, supra note 83.Google Scholar

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⁹² See Runnymede Eco-Village, http://www.runnymede.community/ (last visited Mar. 11, 2017).Google Scholar

⁹³ Orchid Runnymede, Ltd. v. James Hampson & Persons Unknown (2015); see infra note 96.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ An image of the planned development can be viewed at http://www.artestates.co.uk/magnacarta-park/ (last visited Mar. 11, 2017).Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Runnymede Eco-Village Get Stay of Execution in Eviction Proceedings so High Court can Consider Whether They were Given an Adequate Hearing in “Exceptional Case,” Occupy Democracy (June 24, 2015), https://occupydemo.wordpress.com/2015/06/24/runnymede-eco-village-get-stay-of-execution-in-eviction-proceedings-so-high-court-can-consider-whether-they-were-given-an-adequate-hearing-in-exceptional-case/.Google Scholar

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⁹⁷ Id. Google Scholar

⁹⁸ See John Luba et al., Defending Possession Proceedings, Legal Action Group 1, 1 (2011), http://www.lag.org.uk/media/41369/dpp_online_update.pdf.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ See Linebaugh, Peter, The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All (2008).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Hampson, supra note 96, at 7.19 (focusing on Phoenix's argument).Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Id. Google Scholar

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¹⁰³ Iwona Blazwick, Cornelia Parker 85 (2014).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Id. at 48–61, 126. Note that Exploded View was made at a time when the Provisional IRA was also using Semtex in a series of attacks on the British mainland.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Cornelia Parker, We All Make our Own Little Embellishments of the Truth: Cornelia Parker in Conversation with Tim Marlow, in Magna Carta (An Embroidery), (Paul Bonaventura & Cornelia Parker eds., 2015). This un-paginated publication documents an exhibition of Parker's artwork at the British Library from May 15 to July 24, 2015.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Id. Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Cf. Coke, supra note 3; Blackstone, supra note 3; The Reports of Sir Edward Coke Kt. In English, Compleat in Thirteen Parts (George Wilson trans., 1727).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Parker, supra note 105.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ When contrasted with the noble practices, materials, and subject-matter associated with the media employed by other artworks we have discussed, Parker's choice of a practice traditionally regarded as a domestic decorative craft practiced mainly by women is of course not without significance.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Parker, supra note 105.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Id. Google Scholar

¹¹² Jamaican-born Doreen Lawrence was made Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon in 2013 in recognition of her work as a community activist and a campaigner for police reform following the murder of her son in a racist attack in 1993. Sayeeda Warsi, the daughter of immigrants from Pakistan, was made a Conservative peer in 2007 to allow her to participate in the shadow government and, in 2010, became the first Muslim to serve as a member of the Cabinet.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Edward Snowden was responsible for a massive leak of secret documents from the US National Security Agency in 2013. The Birmingham Six were the victims of perhaps the most significant miscarriage of justice in the UK during the twentieth century. Imprisoned for life in 1975 for the 1974 bombing of a public house in which twenty-one people had been killed, the Birmingham Six were finally able, in 1995, to demonstrate that at their trial evidence had been falsified or suppressed. Moazzam Begg spent nearly three years in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp before being released in 2005; he successfully sued the British government for complicity in his detention and abuse. Clive Stafford Smith is a British lawyer specializing in the defense of criminals facing the death sentence in the U.S. and has represented more than a hundred Guantanamo detainees, including Begg.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ See Work, Fine Cell, http://www.finecellwork.co.uk/ (last visited Mar. 16, 2017).Google Scholar

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¹¹⁸ In popular parlance in the UK, “stitched up” is the equivalent of “framed.”Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ The Electoral Commission, EU Referendum Results, June 24, 2016, http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/electorate-and-count-information.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ For a considered view on this narrative, see Matthew Goodwin and Oliver Heath, A Tale of Two Countries: Brexit and the “Left Behind” Thesis, LSE EUROPP (July 27, 2016), http://bit.ly/2avjR9q and Michael Jacobs and Mariana Mazzucato, The Brexit-Trump Syndrome: It's the Economics, Stupid, LSE EUROPP (Nov. 21, 2016), http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-brexit-trump-syndrome/.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Briefing: Taking Back Control from Brussels, Why Vote Leave, http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/briefing_control.html (last visited Mar. 11, 2017). Control over the country's borders was likewise a central feature of Donald Trump's campaign.Google Scholar

¹²² Similar constitutional issues arose in the U.S. when on February 9, 2017, the Ninth Federal District Appeals Court upheld the suspension ordered by two state courts of the President's Executive Order banning the entry into the U.S. of individuals from a group of Muslim-majority countries. State of Washington and State of Minnesota v. Trump, No. 17–35105 (9th Cir. Feb. 9, 2017) (order granting Motion for Stay), https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2017/02/09/17-35105.pdf).Google Scholar

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¹²⁵ James Slack, Enemies of the People: Fury Over “Out of Touch” Judges Who Have “Declared War on Democracy” by Defying 17.4m Brexit Voters and Who Could Trigger Constitutional Crisis, DailyMail.Com (Nov. 3 2016, 7:38 PM), http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3903436/Enemies-people-Fury-touch-judges-defied-17-4m-Brexit-voters-trigger-constitutional-crisis.html. For the Lord Chancellor's position, see Elgot, Jessica, Liz Truss Rebuffs Criticism Over Newspaper Attacks on Brexit Judges, The Guardian (Nov. 10, 2016, 8:08 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/nov/10/liz-truss-rebuffs-criticism-over-newspaper-attacks-on-brexit-judges.Google Scholar

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¹²⁸ Remarks by President Trump at the Conservative Political Action Conference, The White House Office of the Press Secretary (Feb. 24, 2017, 10:23 AM), https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/24/remarks-president-trump-conservative-political-action-conference.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Boris Johnson, Don't be Taken in by Project Fear–Staying in the EU is the Risky Choice, The Telegraph (Feb. 28, 2016, 5:27 PM), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2016/03/16/dont-be-taken-in-by-project-fear—staying-in-the-eu-is-the-risky/. The phrase was borrowed from its use in the earlier referendum on Scottish independence.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ See Parkinson, Hannah Jane, Click and Elect: How Fake News Helped Donald Trump Win a Real Election, The Guardian (Nov. 14, 2016, 11:27 PM), https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/14/fake-news-donald-trump-election-alt-right-social-media-tech-companies; see also Breitbart http://www.breitbart.com/; Olivia Solon and Sam Levin, How Google's Search Algorithm Spreads False Information with a Rightwing Bias, The Guardian (Dec. 16, 2016, 6:00 AM), https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/16/google-autocomplete-rightwing-bias-algorithm-political-propaganda.Google Scholar

¹³¹ See Press, Oxford U., https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016.Google Scholar