¹ See Grauwe, Paul De & Ji, Yuemei, Mispricing of Sovereign Risk and Macroeconomic Stability in the Eurozone, 50 J. Common Mkt. Stud. 866 (2012) (discussing a systematic mispricing of sovereign risk in the Eurozone, that leads to bubbles in good years and excessive austerity in bad years).Google Scholar

² See Tuori, Kaarlo & Tuori, Klaus, The eurozone crisis: A Constitutional Analysis 117 (2014); Edoardo Chiti, Agustín José Menéndez & Pedro Gustavo Teixeira, The European Rescue of the European Union, in The European Rescue of the European Union? The Existential Crisis of the European Political Project 391 (Edoardo Chiti, Agustín José Menéndez & Pedro Gustavo Teixeira eds., 2012); Agustín José Menéndez, Editorial: A European Union in Constitutional Mutation?, 20 Eur. L.J. 127 (2014).Google Scholar

³ See generally Edoardo Chiti & Pedro Gustavo Teixeira, The Constitutional Implications of the European Responses to the Financial and Public Debt Crisis, 50 Common Mkt L. Rev. 683 (2013); Mark Dawson & Floris De Witte, Constitutional Balance in the EU After the Euro-Crisis, 76 Mod. L. Rev. 817 (2013); Matthias Ruffert, The European Debt Crisis and European Union Law, 48 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 1777 (2011).Google Scholar

⁴ For a Portuguese insight in the lost generation, see Miguel Szymanski, Ende der Fiesta: Südeuropas verlorene Jugend (2014).Google Scholar

⁵ See Eur. Comm'n, 2012 EU Youth Report, 2, 144 (2012), http://ec.europa.eu/youth/library/reports/eu-youth-report-2012_en.pdf.Google Scholar

⁶ See Remarks by Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General, delivered at the Enlarged Debate of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) on the Activities of the OECD, http://www.oecd.org/about/secretary-general/debate-council-of-europe.htm.Google Scholar

⁷ Schraad-Tischler, Daniel & Kroll, Christian, Social Justice in the EU – A cross-national comparison, Bertelsmann Stiftung, 85 (2014), http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xbcr/SID-3D2360DC-BAA13673/bst/xcms_bst_dms_40361_40362_2.PDF.Google Scholar

⁸ See Ioannidis, Michael, EU Financial Assistance Conditionality After “Two Pack”, 72 Zeitschrift Für Ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 61 (2014).Google Scholar

⁹ The terms “adjustment programme,” “economic adjustment programme,” and “macroeconomic adjustment programme” are used interchangeably in the legal documents regulating the granting of financial assistance in the euro-area.Google Scholar

¹⁰ This pattern has so far been adopted for Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Cyprus. Spain signed a MoU restricted, though, to measures concerning its financial sector.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Eur. Comm‘n, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, The Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal 74, 79 (June 2011), http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2011/pdf/ocp79_en.pdf [hereinafter Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal]; Eur. Comm‘n, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece 135, 138 (Mar. 2012), http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2012/pdf/ocp94_en.pdf [hereinafter Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece].Google Scholar

¹² See Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, supra note 11, at 147.Google Scholar

¹³ Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism, art. 12, para. 1, http://www.esm.europa.eu/ [hereinafter ESM Treaty].Google Scholar

¹⁴ Id. art. 13, para. 3, subpara. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Regulation 472/2013, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the Strengthening of Economic and Budgetary Surveillance of Member States in the Euro Area Experiencing or Threatened with Serious Difficulties with Respect to Their Financial Stability, 2013 O.J. (L 140), 1 [hereinafter Regulation 472/2013]. The Regulation was set into force as part of the so-called “Two Pack” set of reforms.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Id. art. 7, para. 1, subpara. 2.Google Scholar

¹⁷ After the onset of the financial crisis, economic governance prevails in the European discourse, both in EU documents and in the literature. See, e.g., Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Enhancing Economic Policy Coordination for Stability, Growth and Jobs, Tools for Stronger EU Economic Governance, COM (2010) 376 final; Conclusions of the European Council, Brussels, EUCO 10/1/11 REV 1 (2011). See Stefan Pilz & Heidi Dittmann, Perspektiven des Stabilitäts—und Wachstumspakts—Rechtliche und ökonomische Implikationen des Reformpakets “Economic Governance”, 15 Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien 53 (2012); Christophe Degryse, The New European Economic Governance (ETUI Working Paper 2012); Kenneth Armstrong, The New Governance of EU Fiscal Discipline, 38 Eur. L. Rev. 601 (2013); Amy Verdun, The Building of Economic Governance in the European Union, 19 Transfer 23 (2013). Nevertheless, economic governance does not constitute a new concept. It actually describes what in the past fifty years has been called “economic integration.”Google Scholar

¹⁸ The European Semester is the first phase of the EU's annual cycle of economic policy guidance and surveillance. The “Six Pack” is a set of five Regulations and one Directive adopted to reinforce budgetary discipline in the EU and to introduce a form of macroeconomic surveillance. The Fiscal Compact is an intergovernmental agreement which requires contracting parties to abide by reinforced budget rules. In detail on these instruments, see Carlino Antpöhler, Emergenz der Europäischen Wirtschaftsregierung—Das Six Pack als Zeichen Supranationaler Leistungsfähigkeit, 72 Zeitschrift Für Ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 353 (2012); Walter Obwexer, Das System der “Europäischen Wirtschaftsregierung” und die Rechtsnatur ihrer Teile: Sixpack—Euro-Plus-Pakt—Europäisches Semester—Rettungsschirm, 67 Zeitschrift für Öffentliches Recht 209 (2012); Peter Hilpold, Eine Neue Europäische Finanzarchitektur—Der Umbau der Wirtschafts—und Währungsunion als Reaktion auf die Finanzkrise, in Neue europäische Finanzarchitektur: die Reform der WWU 3 (Peter Hilpold ed., 2014).Google Scholar

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²⁰ See, e.g., Bekker, Sonja, The EU's Stricter Economic Governance: A Step Towards More Binding Coordination of Social Policies? (WZB Discussion Paper 2013), http://bibliothek.wzb.eu/pdf/2013/iv13-501.pdf; Armstrong, supra note 17.Google Scholar

²¹ This has been made explicit in several EU documents. See, e.g., Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Towards a Job-Rich Recovery, COM (2012) 173 final, where the Commission argues that “Better EU employment governance and coordination has become essential for at least two reasons. First, labour market participation, unemployment and labour cost play a role in macroeconomic stability … Second, the crisis has further revealed the interdependence of EU economies and labour markets, underscoring the need to accompany the new economic governance with strengthened coordination of employment and social policies …”.Google Scholar

²² See, e.g., Dinan, Desmond, Governance and Institutions: Impact of the Escalating Crisis, 50 J. Common Mkt. Stud 85 (2012) (observing that the term economic governance ranges “from fiscal federalism, at one extreme, to loose intergovernmental co-ordination of various socio-economic policies, at the other”).Google Scholar

²³ See Chalmers, Damian, The European Redistributive State and a European Law of Struggle, 18 Eur. L.J. 667, 669 (2012).Google Scholar

²⁴ Regulation 472/2013, art. 14, para. 1.Google Scholar

²⁵ Pisani-Ferry, Jean, André Sapir & Guntram B. Wolff, EU-IMF assistance to euro-area countries: an early assessment, 19 Bruegel Blueprint 30 (2013).Google Scholar

²⁶ The CJEU reads “strict conditionality” as a necessary requirement for financial assistance packages arising from Article 125 of the Treaty on the Functioning of European Union [hereinafter TFEU]. See Pringle v. Government of Ireland, Ireland and the Attorney General, CJEU Case C-370/12, paras. 136-37, 142 (Nov. 27, 2012), http://curia.europa.eu/. The Council Decisions containing the financial assistance conditions invoke as their legal basis: (1) Council Regulation 407/2010, 2010 O.J. (L118) for the countries that received assistance through this mechanism, namely Ireland and Portugal; (2) art. 126 paras. 6, 9, 136 TFEU for the countries that received loans through international mechanisms (like the EFSF or the ESM), namely Greece and Cyprus; and (3) Regulation 472/2013 for the cases of assistance given after 21 May 2013, date of adoption of the latter Regulation, for example Cyprus, Portugal and Ireland.Google Scholar

²⁷ There are two main reasons for these doubts: Firstly, the binding character of conditionality, and secondly, the detailed character of its prescriptions. On the problematic legal basis of conditionality, see also Ioannidis, supra note 8, at 89.Google Scholar

²⁸ Curtin, Deirdre, Challenging Executive Dominance in European Democracy, 77 Mkt. Law Rev. 1, 2 (2014).Google Scholar

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³⁰ See Dawson, & Witte, De, supra note 3, at 832.Google Scholar

³¹ This observation is reaffirmed by the EP itself. See Resolution on Employment and Social Aspects of the Role and Operations of the Troika (ECB, Commission and IMF) with Regard to Euro Area Programme Countries, Eur. Parl. INI 2014/2007, para. 2 (2014). Generally on the EP's position in the new economic governance, see Cristina Fasone, European Economic Governance and Parliamentary Representation. What Place for the European Parliament?, 20 Eur. L.J. 164 (2014).Google Scholar

³² See Resolution on the Enquiry on the Role and Operations of the Troika (ECB, Commission and IMF) with Regard to the Euro Area Programme Countries, Eur. Parl. INI 2013/2277, para. 30 (2014).Google Scholar

³³ See International Labour Office, 365th Report of the Committee on Freedom of Association, Case No. 2820 (Greece), Reports in Which the Committee Requests to be Kept Informed of Developments, conclusions, para. 1002 (2012).Google Scholar

³⁴ See id. at para. 967.Google Scholar

³⁵ For a description and a critical appraisal of the parliamentary involvement after the adoption of Regulation 472/2013, see Ioannidis, supra note 8, at 100.Google Scholar

³⁶ For a detailed recreation of these events, see the first of a series of Peter Spiegel, How the Euro was Saved, Financial Times (May 11, 2014), http://www.ft.com/indepth/how-euro-was-saved.Google Scholar

³⁷ On general patterns, see Thomas Christiansen & Christine Neuhold, Informal Politics in the EU, 51 J. Common Mkt. Stud. 1196 (2013).Google Scholar

³⁸ See Ioannidis, , supra note 8, at 99.Google Scholar

³⁹ See Resolution on Constitutional Problems of a Multitier Governance in the European Union, Eur. Parl. INI 2012/2078, paras. 36, 72 (2013); Eur. Parl. Resolution INI 2013/2277, supra note 32, paras. 37, 48, 66, 94, 107 (2014).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Distrust to the Union's ability to address the social question range from the critical appraisal of the side-lining of social justice considerations in the operation of the common market, see Giandomenico Majone, The European Community Between Social Policy and Social Regulation, 31 J. Common Mkt. Stud. 153 (1993); to the exclusion of the possibility of the EU to become a social market economy, see Fritz Scharpf, The Asymmetry of European Integration, or Why the EU Cannot be a 'Social Market Economy, 8 Socio-Economic Rev. 211 (2010).Google Scholar

⁴¹ On the depoliticization of the social question in the process of European integration, see Floris De Witte, EU Law, Politics and the Social Question, 14 German L.J. 581 (2013).Google Scholar

⁴² This argument was put forward in the discussions held within the European Convention, the body confined with the drafting of the Charter of Fundamental Rights.Google Scholar

⁴³ See Gráinne De Búrca, After the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: The Court of Justice as a Human Rights Adjudicator?, 20 Maastricht J. Eur. & Comp. L. 168 (2013). The normative quality of the Charter reaches even beyond the EU legal order because it gradually influences the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). See Jörg Gundel, Der Wachsende Einfluß des EU-Rechts auf die Auslegung der EMRK—und Seine Strukturellen Grenzen, in Europäisches Recht zwischen Bewährung und Wandel: Festschrift für Dieter H. Scheuing 58 (Peter-Christian Müller-Graff, Stefanie Schmahl & Wassilios Skouris eds., 2011).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Apart from Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Human rights in times of austerity policy: the EU institutions and the conclusion of memoranda of understanding (2014) and Kostas Chryssogonos & Triantafyllos Zolotas, Excessive Public Debt and Social Rights in the Eurozone Periphery: The Greek Case (2014), http://www.jus.uio.no/english/research/news-and-events/events/conferences/2014/wccl-cmdc/wccl/papers/ws4/w4-chryssogonos&zolotas.pdf, no significant studies in this field have been made.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See for example for the Greek case, Dimitris Travlos-Tzanetatos, Die Tarifautonomie in kritischer Wende. Das Beispiel Griechenlands, in Festschrift für Franz Jürgen Säcker zum 70. Geburtstag 325 (Detlev Joost, Hartmut Oetker & Marian Paschke eds., 2011); Aristea Koukiadaki & Lefteris Kretsos, Opening Pandora's Box: The Sovereign Debt Crisis and Labour Market Regulation in Greece, 41 Indus. L.J. 276 (2012).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ On a critical appraisal of the alleged domestic ownership of austerity measures, see Ioannidis, supra note 8, at 91.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ The legal assessment of national legislature implementing the adjustment programmes as to its conformity with CFR is an understudied and open question as well. CJEU Case C-128/12, Sindicato dos Bancários do Norte and Others v BPN - Banco Português de Negócios, SA (Mar. 7, 2013), http://curia.europa.eu/, where the Court, in response to the reference of a Portuguese court, ordered that the Charter is not applicable because the national law in question was not implementing EU law, cannot serve as a negative precedent for this question, since the Portuguese court failed to demonstrate the relation between the Portuguese MoU and the national law.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ The ESM has replaced the EFSF since October 8, 2012.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See Regulation 472/2013, supra note 15.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ ESM Treaty art. 13, para. 3, 7; Regulation 472/2013, art. 7, para. 1 subpara. 1, para. 4, subpara. 1.Google Scholar

⁵¹ ESM Treaty art. 13, para. 4; Regulation 472/2013, art. 7, para. 2, subpara. 2.Google Scholar

⁵² Questionnaire supporting the own initiative report evaluating the structure, the role and operations of the ‘troika’ (Commission, ECB and the IMF) actions in euro area programme countries, No. 18, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201401/20140114ATT77313/20140114ATT77313EN.pdf. The same question addresses the conformity of decisions arising out of the MoU with the national law of the Member States concerned. In this paper, reference is being made only to the part of the question addressing EU law fundamental rights obligations.Google Scholar

⁵³ ECB's Replies to the Questionnaire of the European Parliament Supporting the Own Initiative Report Evaluating the Structure, the Role and Operations of the ‘Troika’ (Commission, ECB and the IMF) Actions in Euro Area Programme Countries, 7, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201401/20140114ATT77317/20140114ATT77317EN.pdf.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Questionnaire supporting the own initiative report evaluating the structure, the role and operations of the ‘troika’ (Commission, ECB and the IMF) actions in euro area programme countries, 12, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201401/20140114ATT77315/20140114ATT77315EN.pdf.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See Tuori, Kaarlo & Tuori, Klaus, supra note 2, at 237.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See Council Regulation 407/2010, 2010 O.J. (L 118) 1.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Art. 6 para. 1 Treaty on the European Union, [hereinafter TEU] reads “The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 7 December 2000, as adapted at Strasbourg, on 12 December 2007, which shall have the same legal value as the Treaties”.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See Opinion of Advocate General Kokott at para. 176, Pringle v. Government of Ireland, Ireland and the Attorney General, CJEU Case C-370/12 (Oct. 26, 2012), http://curia.europa.eu/.Google Scholar

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⁶⁰ Pringle, CJEU Case C-370/12, at para. 164.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Id. at para. 180.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ Frenz, Walter, Europäische Grundrechte para. 218 (2009).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Thorough research has been done on the legal character of the MoU in the context of the IMF. See Joseph Gold, The Legal Character of the Fund's Stand-By Arrangements and Why it Matters, (IMF Pamphlet Series 1980). After the conclusion of MoU in the context of the Eurozone crisis, a similar discourse was launched, especially in states receiving financial assistance. See, e.g., Antonis Manitakis, The Constitutional Aspects of the Memorandum, 51 Dikaiomata tou Anthropou 689 (2011) [in Greek]; George Katrougalos, Memoranda sunt servanda? The Constitutionality of the Law No. 3845/2010 and of the Memorandum for the Application of the Agreements with the IMF, EU and ECB, 2 Efimerida Dioikitikou Dikaiou 151 (2010) [in Greek]. From the English literature, see Fischer-Lescano, supra note 44, at 56; Roberto Cisotta & Daniel Gallo, The Portuguese Constitutional Court Case Law on Austerity Measures: A Reappraisal, in Social Rights in Times of Crisis in the Eurozone: The Role of Fundamental Rights' Challenges 85, 88 (EUI Working Paper LAW 2014/05) (Claire Kilpatrick & Bruno De Witte eds., 2014).Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Considering the positive and the negative dimension of the fundamental rights commitment, it is a shortcoming of the EP to stress, on the one side, the obligation of the EU institutions to respect the Charter and, on the other side, to exclude the adjustment programmes from the scope of the Charter. See id. at paras. 80 and 81.Google Scholar

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⁷⁰ The initial Council Decisions addressed to the recipient state concerned are the following: Council Decision 2010/320/EU, 2010 O.J. (L 145/6); Council Implementing Decision 2011/77/EU, 2011 O.J. (L30/34); Council Implementing Decision 2011/344/EU, 2011 O.J. (L 159/88); Council Decision 2013/236/EU, 2013 O.J. (L 141/32). Amending Decisions to incorporate changes in the assistance conditions followed.Google Scholar

⁷¹ In the thorough and systematic research of Fischer-Lescano, supra note 44, the Decisions of the Council are remarkably absent.Google Scholar

⁷² On the decision as a legal form of EU law, see Matthias Vogt, Die Entscheidung als Handlungsform des Europäischen Gemeinschaftsrechts (2005).Google Scholar

⁷³ Regulation 472/2013, art. 1, para. 4; art. 7, para. 1, subpara. 5.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Id. art. 7, para. 1, subpara. 4.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Id. art. 7, para. 7, subpara. 2.Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ See Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, supra note 11, at 147. For a general overview of the impact of the MoU on the collective bargaining agreements in the different countries, see Bernd Waas, Tarifvertragsrecht in Zeiten der Krise, in Anforderungen an ein modernes kollektives Arbeitsrecht – Festschrift für Otto Ernst Kempen 38 (Jens M. Schubert ed., 2013).Google Scholar

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⁸⁶ See Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece, supra note 11, at 147. This further 10% reduction of the minimum wage of young Greek people was presented as a means to reduce the gap in the level of the minimum wage relative to peers (Portugal, Central, and Southeast Europe), to help address high youth unemployment, as well as employment of individuals on the margins of the labour market, and to encourage a shift from the informal to the formal labour sector.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ Schraad-Tischler, Daniel & Kroll, Christian, supra note 7, at 47.Google Scholar

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⁹⁵ Id. at 176.Google Scholar

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⁹⁷ The differentiated treatment of the younger generation is also incompatible with secondary EU law, like the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, 2000 O.J. (L 303) establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Jarass, Hans D., Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union art. 28 CFR, para. 3 (2013).Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Id. at para. 8.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, Decision on the Merits: General Federation of Employees of the National Electric Power Corporation (GENOP-DEI) and Confederation of Greek Civil Servants' Trade Unions (ADEDY) v. Greece, Complaint No. 66/2011 para. 65, 68–69 (May 23, 2012).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁸ See Hausen, Harald Zur, Support for Greece, 336 Science 978 (2012).Google Scholar

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¹²⁴ For recent developments on the right to healthcare, see Scott L. Greer & Tomislav Sokol, Rules for Rights: European Law, Health Care and Social Citizenship, 20 Eur. L.J. 66 (2014).Google Scholar

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¹³⁴ On the understanding of legitimacy as a democratic process for the genesis of law, see Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics 106 (1989); Jürgen Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung: Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats 321 (1997).Google Scholar

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¹³⁶ See Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, Decision on the Merits: Federation of employed pensioners of Greece (IKA-ETAM) v. Greece, Complaint No. 76/2012 para. 83 (Dec. 7, 2012); Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, Decision on the Merits: Panhellenic Federation of Public Service Pensioners (POPS) v. Greece, Complaint No. 77/2012 para. 79 (Dec. 7, 2012); Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, Decision on the Merits: Pensioners' Union of the Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways (I.S.A.P.) v. Greece, Complaint No. 78/2012 para. 79 (Dec. 7, 2012); Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, Decision on the Merits: Panhellenic Federation of pensioners of the Public Electricity Corporation (POS-DEI) v. Greece, Complaint No. 79/2012 para. 79 (Dec. 7, 2012); Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, Decision on the Merits: Pensioners' Union of the Agricultural Bank of Greece (ATE) v. Greece, Complaint No. 80/2012 para. 79 (Dec. 7, 2012).Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Regulation 472/2013, art. 8.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ The Greek Civil Servants' Confederation ADEDY launched an action for annulment against Council Decisions 2010/320/EU and 2011/57/EU including financial assistance conditionality (art. 263 TFEU). The General Court held that the challenged provisions were indeterminate and left a margin to the Greek state as to the way of their implementation and thus could not themselves directly affect the applicants. As a result both actions were rejected as inadmissible. See ADEDY et al. v. Council, GC Case T-541/10 (Nov. 27, 2012), http://curia.europa.eu/; ADEDY et al. v. Council, GC Case T-215/11 (Nov. 27, 2012), http://curia.europa.eu/.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Two Portuguese courts referred to the CJEU, asking whether radical reforms in national labour law where compatible with the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The inadequately drafted order for reference failed to express the links between national reforms and EU conditionality. As a result, the CJEU did not perceive domestic austerity measures as part of a European assistance package and declined to go into the merits of the case. See Sindicato dos Bancários do Norte and Others v. BPN - Banco Português de Negócios, SA, CJEU Case C-128/12 (Mar. 7, 2013), http://curia.europa.eu/; Sindicato Nacional dos Profissionals de Seguros e Afins v. Fidelidade Mundial, CJEU Case C-264/12 (Jun. 26, 2014), http://curia.europa.eu/.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ See Symboulio tis Epikrateias [StE] [Supreme Administrative Court] 1285/2012 and 1286/2012, para. 21 (Greece).Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ On the Portuguese constitutional court, see Christina Akrivopoulou, Striking Down Austerity Measures: Crisis Jurisprudence in Europe, Blog Int'l J. Const. L. (June 25, 2013), http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/06/striking-down-austerity-measures-crisis-jurisprudence-in-Europe/; Gonçalo de Almeida Ribeiro, Judicial Activism Against Austerity in Portugal, Blog Int'l J. Const. L. (Dec. 3, 2013), http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/12/judicial-activism-against-austerity-in-portugal/; Roberto Cisotta & Daniel Gallo, The Portuguese Constitutional Court Case Law on Austerity Measures: A Reappraisal in Social Rights in Times of Crisis in the Eurozone: The Role of Fundamental Rights’ Challenges 85 (EUI Working Paper No. 2014/05).Google Scholar

¹⁴² See Acordão No. 396/2011 (Portugal); Acordão No. 353/2012, July 5, 2012 (Portugal); Acordão No. 187/2013, Apr. 5, 2013 (Portugal).Google Scholar

¹⁴³ For the classical argument on the alternatives of voice and exit, see Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (1970).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ See Symboulio tis Epikrateias [StE] [Supreme Administrative Court] 2192-96/2014 (Greece).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ See Elegktiko Synedrio [ES] [Court of Audit] 2/2013 (Greece).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ See Symboulio tis Epikrateias [StE] [Supreme Administrative Court] 2705/2014 (Greece).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ See also Symboulio tis Epikrateias [StE] [Supreme Administrative Court] 574/2014 and 575/2014 (Greece).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ See Symboulio Epikrateias [StE] [Supreme Administrative Court] 2307/2014, para. 23 (Greece).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Eur. Comm. Soc. Rights, supra note 100, para. 65.Google Scholar