Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T01:12:30.574Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Review of trilobite biofacies distributions at the Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

J. H. Shergold
J. H. Shergold
Affiliation:
Division of Continental Geology, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Post Office Box 378, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Detailed analysis of trilobite assemblages at the Cambrian–Tremadoc transition reveals the presence of four, possibly five, biogeographic provinces: Baltic, North China, Southeast China, North American, and possibly Siberian. One or more discrete biofacies characterize the transition in each province. When plotted palaeogeographically these appear to be largely temperature controlled. Interdigitation of provincialized trilobite biofacies is recognized by the representation of dominant types of trilobite, olenaceans, ceratopygaceans, remopleuridaceans, dikelocephalaceans and leio-stegiaceans in particular, on key boundary sections. These sections, at Nochixtlán, Mexico; Batyrbay, southern Kazakhstan; Broken Skull River, District of Mackenzie, Canada; and Jiangshan–Chang-shan, western Zhejiang, China, permit the correlation of biogeographic provinces globally. As a result of the application of trilobite biostratigraphy relatively few problems prevent the maintenance of a Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary stratotype section in its traditional Baltic biogeographic setting.

Type
Articles
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 125 , Issue 4 , July 1988 , pp. 363 - 380
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, P. M., Jackson, A. A. & Rushton, A. W. A. 1981. The stratigraphy of the Mawddach Group in the Cambrian succession of North Wales. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 43 (3), 295–329, pls. 16–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apollonov, M. K. & Chugaeva, M. N. 1983 a. Problems of the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary. In The Lower Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Kazakhstan (ed. Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., Ivshin, N. K.), pp. 16–25, Alma-Ata: Nauka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Apollonov, M. K. & Chugaeva, M. N. 1983 b. Some trilobites from the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary interval in the Batyrbay Gorge, Malyi Karatau. In The Lower Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Kazakhstan (ed. Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., Ivshin, N. K.), pp. 66–90, Pls. 7–10. Alma-Ata: Nauka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Apollonov, M. K., Chugaeva, M. N. & Dubinina, S. V. 1981. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Malyi Karatau Range, south Kazakhstan. In Short papers for the second international symposium on the Cambrian System (ed. Taylor, M. E.), U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Open-File Report 81–743, 15–17.Google Scholar
Apollonov, M. K., Chugaeva, M. N. & Dubinina, S. V. 1984 a. Trilobites and conodonts from the Batyrbay section (uppermost Cambrian–Lower Ordovician) in the Malyi Karatau Range. Atlas of palaeontological plates, Alma-Ata: Nauka, 48 pp., 32 pls. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Apollonov, M. K., Chugaeva, M. N. & Dubinina, S. V. 1984 b. Uppermost Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician in the Batyrbay Ravine; the Togusbay Formation along the Dongeleksay Stream. In Guidebook: Excursions 045 A and 101 A. 27th Session of the International Geological Congress, Moscow (ed. Abdullin, A. A., Chakabaev, E. E.), 51–4. Alma-Ata.Google Scholar
Assereto, T. 1963. The Paleozoic formations in central Elburz (Iran) (Preliminary Note). Instituto di Geologia Dell'università di Milano, Serie G 176, 503–43.Google Scholar
Baytorina, T. B. 1983. Some Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician conondonts from the stratotype region of the River Kyrshabakty in Maly Karatau. In The Lower Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Kazakhstan (ed. Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., Ivshin, N. K.), pp. 104–10, pl. 23. Alma-Ata: Nauka.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L. 1977. Una nueva fauna de trilobites Tremadocianos de la Provincia de Jujuy (Sierra de Cajas), Argentina. Ameghiniana 14 (1–4), 186–214, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Bruton, D. L., Erdtmann, B.-D. & Koch, L. 1982. The Naersnes section, Oslo region, Norway: a candidate for the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary stratotype at the base of the Tremadoc Series. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Basset, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 61–9. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3 Cardiff.Google Scholar
Burrett, C. F. 1973. Ordovician biogeography and continental drift. Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 13, 161–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrett, C. F. 1983. Early Palaeozoic palaeomagnetism and biogeography – plate tectonics or expansion? In Expanding Earth Symposium (ed. Carey, S. W.), Sydney, 1981, 79–86. University of Tasmania, Hobart.Google Scholar
Burrett, C. F. & Richardson, R. 1980. Trilobite biogeography and Cambrian tectonic models. Tectonophysics 63, 155–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capèra, J. C., Courtessole, R. & Pillet, J. 1978. Contribution à l'écude de l'ordovicien inférieur de la Montagne Noire. Biostratigraphie et révision des Agnostida. Extrait des Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord 98, 67–88, 7 pls.Google Scholar
Jun-yuan, Chen, Yi-yuan, Qian, Yao-kun, Lin, Jun-Ming, Zhang, Zhi-hao, Wang, Lei-Ming, Yin & Erdtmann, B.-D. 1985. Study on Cambrian–Ordovician boundary strata and its biota in Dayangcha, Hunjiang, Jilin, China, 138 pp., 39 pls. Beijng: China Prospect Publishing House, Beijing.Google Scholar
Jun-yuan, Chen & C., Teichert 1983. Cambrian Cephalopoda of China. Palaeontographica A 181, 102 pp., 19 pls.Google Scholar
Jun-yuan, Chen, C., Teichert, Zhi-yi, Zhou, Yao-kun, Lin, Zhi-hao, Wang & Jun-tao, Xu, 1983. Faunal sequence across the Cambrian–Ordovician in northern China and its international correlation. Geologica et Palaeontologica 17 (5), 1–15.Google Scholar
Jun-yuan, Chen, Zhi-yi, Zhou, Xi-ping, Zou, Yao-Kun, Ling, Xue-Chang, Yang, Qi-Chao, Wang, Ji-kang, Qi, Qing-shi, Wang & Xue-liang., Lu 1980. Ordovician sediments and faunas in the Taihang Mountains, North China. Memoirs of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica 16, 111–46, pls. 1–6.Google Scholar
Chugaeva, M. N. 1976 a. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary. In Boundaries of Geological Systems (ed. Peive, A. V., Gerbona, V. G., Krasheninnikov, V. A.), pp. 54–72. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Chugaeva, M. N. 1976 b. Specific Ordovician trilobite biogeographic distribution in the territory of the USSR. 25th Session of the International Geological Congress, Sydney. Report of Soviet Geology: Palaeontology: Marine Geology, pp. 60–72. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Chugaeva, M. N. & Apollonov, M. K. 1982. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Batyrbaisai section, Malyi Karatau Range, Kazakhstan, USSR. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 77–85. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Courtessole, R., Pillet, J. & Vizcaïno, D. 1981. Nouvelles données sur la biostratigraphie de l'ordovicien inférieur de la Montagne Noire. Mémoire de la Société des Études Scientifiques de l'aude 1981, 32 pp., 11 pls.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. 1977. The Early Ordovician trilobite genus Missisquoia Shaw, 1951 in the southern Canadian rocky Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 76–33, 7 pp., 1 pl.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. 1978. Preliminary account of the trilobite biostratigraphy of the Survey Peak and Outram Formations (Late Cambrian, Early Ordovician) at Wilcox Pass, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 76–34, 10 pp.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. 1982. The Cambrian–Ordovician transition in south-eastern Turkey and adjacent areas. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 87–94. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. 1985. Relationships of Cambrian–Ordovician faunas in the Caledonide–Appalachian region, with particular reference to trilobites. In The Tectonic Evolution of the Caledonide–Appalachian Orogen (ed. Gayer, R. A.), pp. 17–47. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: F. Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Derby, J. R., Lane, H. R. & Norford, B. S. 1972. Uppermost Cambrian–basal Ordovician faunal succession in Alberta and correlation with similar sequences in the western United States. 24th Session of the International Geological Congress Montreal, Section 7, 503–12.Google Scholar
Druce, E. C. & Jones, P. J. 1971. Cambro–Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River Structural Belt, Queensland. Bureau of Mineral Resources of Australia, Bulletin 110, 158 pp., 20 pls.Google Scholar
Druce, E. C., Shergold, J. H. & Radke, B. M. 1982. A reassessment of the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary section at Black Mountain, Western Queensland, Australia. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 193–209. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Jiye, Duan, Sulan, An & Da, Zhao 1986. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary and its interval biotas, southern Jilin, northeast China. Journal of Changchun College of Geology, Special Issue of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, 1–124 (English), 125–35 (Chinese), 33 pls.Google Scholar
Endo, R. 1931. The Cambrian Period. In Iwanami Lecture Series, Section on geology, palaeontology, mineralogy and petrology, pp. 1–94.Google Scholar
Endo, R. & Resser, C. E. 1937. The Sinian and Cambrian formations and fossils of southern Manchukuo. Bulletin of the Manchurian Science Museum 1, 474 pp., pls. 14–73.Google Scholar
Erdtmann, B.-D. 1982. Palacobiogeography and environments of planktic dioctyonemid graptolites during the earliest Ordovician. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 9–27. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Ergaliev, G. Kh. 1980. Trilobites of the Middle and Upper Cambrian of Malyi Karatau, Alma-Ata: Nauka, 210 pp., 20 pls. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Ergaliev, G. Kh. 1981. Upper Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Kryshabakty section, Maly Karatau, southern Kazakhstan. In Short papers for the second international symposium on the Cambrian System. U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Open-File Report (ed. Taylor, M. E.), 81–743, 82–8.Google Scholar
Ergaliev, G. Kh. 1983 a. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in southern Kazakhstan and Ulutau. In The Lower Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Kazakhstan (ed. Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., Ivshin, N. K.), pp. 6–16, Alma-Ata: Nauka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Ergaliev, G. Kh. 1983 b. Some Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician trilobites of High Karatau and Ulutau. In The Lower Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Kazakhstan (ed. Apollonov, M. K., Bandaletov, S. M., Ivshin, N. K.), pp. 35–66, pls. 1–6. Alma-Ata: Nauka. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Ergaliev, G. Kh. 1984. Stratotype section of the Middle and Upper Cambrian on the Kyrshabakty River. In Guidebook: Excursions 045A and 101 A. 27th Session of the International Geological Congress, Moscow (ed. Abdullin, A. A., Chakabaev, E. E.), pp. 44–51. Alma-Ata.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1983. Cambrian–Ordovician trilobites from the boundary beds in western Newfoundland and their phylogenetic significance. Special Papers in Palaeontology 30, 179–211, pls. 23–27.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A., Landing, E. & Skevington, D. 1982. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary sections in the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 95–129. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. & Skevington, D. 1980. Correlation of Cambrian–Ordovician boundary between Europe and North America: new data from western Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17(3), 382–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hong-Jun, Guo & Ji-ye, Duan 1978. Cambrian and Early Ordovician trilobites from northeastern Hebei and western Liaoning. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 17(4), 445–58 (Chinese), 458 (English), pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Harrington, H. J. & Leanza, A. F. 1957. Ordovician trilobites of Argentina. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publication 1, 276 pp.Google Scholar
Henningsmoen, G. 1957. The trilobite family Olenidae. Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps – Akademi i Oslo. 1. Mat. – Naturv. Klasse No. 1, 303 pp., 31 pls.Google Scholar
Henningsmoen, G. 1973. The Cambro–Ordovician boundary. Lethaia 6, 423–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, R. D. 1952. The stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 263, 124 pp., 7 pls.Google Scholar
James, N. P. & Stevens, R. K. 1986. Stratigraphy and correlation of the Cambro–Ordovician Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 366, 143 pp., 64 figs.Google Scholar
Kindle, C. H. 1982. The C. H. Kindle Collection: Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician trilobites from the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. In Current Research, C, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 82–1C, 1–17.Google Scholar
Kindle, C. H. & Whittington, H B. 1958. Stratigraphy of the Cow Head region, western Newfoundland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 69, 315–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1931. Studies on the stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Cambro–Ordovician formation of Hualienchai and Niuhsintai, south Manchuria. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 8(3), 131–89, pls. 16–22.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1933. Upper Cambrian of the Wuhutsui Basin, Liaotung, with special reference to the limit of the Chaumitien (or Upper Cambrian), of eastern Asia, and its subdivision. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 11(1–2), 55–155, pls. 9–15.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1944. Miscellaneous notes on the Cambro–Ordovician geology and palaeontology, No. 16. On the Cambrian formations in Yunnan and Haut-Tonkin and the trilobites contained. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 19, 107–38, pls. 9–10.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1957. Upper Cambrian fossils from Peninsular Thailand. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo 10(3), 367–82, pls. 4–5.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, T. 1973. Contributions to the geology and palaeontology of southeast Asia, 108. The Early and Middle Palaeozoic history of the Burmese–Malayan Geosyncline. In Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia (ed. Kobayashi, T., Toriyama, R.), 11, 93–108. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Kolb, S. & Wolf, R. 1979. Distribution of Cruziana in the Lower Ordovician sequence of Celtiberia (NE Spain), with a revision of the Cruziana rugosa group. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1979 (8), 457–74.Google Scholar
Hung-chun, Kuo, Ji-ye, Duan & Su-lan, An 1982. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the North China Platform with description of trilobites. Paper for the 4th International Symposium on the Ordovician System, 1982, 31 pp., 3 pls. Department of Geology, Changchun College of Geology, Changchun, China.Google Scholar
Kushan, B. 1973. Stratigraphie und Trilobitenfauna in der Mila-Formation (Mittelkambrium-Tremadoc) in Alborz-Gebirge (N-Iran). Palaeontographica, A 144, 113–65, pls. 26–34.Google Scholar
Landing, E. 1983. Highgate Gorge: Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician continental slope deposition and biostratigraphy, northwestern Vermont. Journal of Palaeontology 57(6), 1149–87.Google Scholar
Landing, E., Taylor, M. E. & Erdtmann, B.-D. 1978. Correlation of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary between the Acado-Baltic and North American faunal provinces. Geology 6, 75–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lermontova, E. V. 1951. Upper Cambrian trilobites and brachiopods from Boshche-Kul (N.E. Kazakhstan). Transactions of the All-Union Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), 49 pp., 6 pls. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1961. Tremadocian trilobites and their associates in the deposits of the Kendyktas. Trudy GIN AN SSSR 18, 55–91, pls. 1–4. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1966. The biostratigraphy of the Tamdy Series of the Malyi Karatau Range. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR 169, 184–87. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1970. New genera of trilobites from the Upper Cambrian of Malyi Karatau. Geologiya 6, 13–20, pl. 1. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1971. Tremadocian trilobites from the deposits of the Kirgiz Range. Scientific Transactions of the Kazakhstan Polytechnic Institute 1979, 179–85. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1975. Biostratigraphy of the Upper Cambrian and Tremadoc of Malyi Karatau. Geology, V.I. Lenin Kazakhstan Polytechnic Institute, Alma-Ata 9, 3–11. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1977 a. Biostratigraphy and trilobites of the Upper Cambrian and Tremadocian in the Malyi Karatau Range (South Kazakhstan). In Biostratigraphy and Fauna of the Upper Cambrian and Adjacent Strata (ed. Zhuravleva, I. T., Rozova, A. V.). Trudy Instituta geologii igeofiziki SO AN SSSR 313, 197–265.Google Scholar
Lisogor, K. A. 1977 b. Tremadocian trilobites from Lesser Karatau and the Kirgiz Mountain Range. Annual National Meeting of the All-Union Palaeontological Society 20, 105–25, pls. 1–2. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao. 1954. Upper Cambrian trilobites from Santu, southeastern Kueichou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 2, 136–52 (English), 3 pls.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao. 1981. Provincialism, dispersal, development, and phylogeny of trilobites. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 187, 143–50, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao. 1984. Report on the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary work in China. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (Compilers). Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary 1, 1–8. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-Hao, Chu, Chao-ling, Chien, Yi-yuan, Lin, Huanling, Chow, Tsi-yi & Yuan, Ke-xing. 1974. Bioenvironmental control hypothesis and its application to the Cambrian biostratigraphy and palaeozoology. Memoir of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica 5, 27–116, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao, Zhu, Zhao-ling, Qian, Yi-yuan, Zhou, Zhi-yi, Chen, Jun-yuan, Liu, Geng-wu, Yu, Wen, Chen, Xu and Xu, Han-kui. 1976. Ordovician biostratigraphy and palaeozoology of China. Memoir of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica 7, 83 pp., 14 pls.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao & Lin, Huan-ling. 1980. Cambro–Ordovician boundary in western Zhejiang and the trilobites contained therein. Acta palaeontologica Sinica 19(2), 118–31 (Chinese), 131–34 (English), pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao & Lin, Huan-ling 1981. Zonation of Cambrian faunas in western Zhejiang and their correlation with faunas in North China, Australia, and Sweden. In Short papers for the second international symposium on the Cambrian System (ed. Taylor, M. E.). U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Open-File Report 81–743, 118–20.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao & Lin, Huan-ling. 1983. Uppermost Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician trilobites of Jiangshan-Changshan area. In Papers for the Symposium on the Cambrian–Ordovician and Ordovician–Silurian Boundaries, Nanjing, China, October 1983, pp. 6–11, pls. 1–3. Academia Sinica, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao & Lin, Huan-ling. 1984. Late Cambrian and earliest Ordovician trilobites of Jiangshan–Changshan area, Zhejiang. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (compilers). Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary 1, 45–143, pls. 1–19. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-hao, Lin, Huan-ling, HanNai-ren, Li Nai-ren, Li Luo-zhao, & Ju Tian-yin. 1983. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary of Jiangshan-Changshan area. In Papers for the Symposium on the Cambrian–Ordovician and Ordovician-Silurian Boundaries, Nanjing, China, October 1983, pp. 1–5. Academia Sinica, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Lu, Yan-Hao, Lin, Huan-ling, Han, Nai-ren, Li, Luo-zhao & Ju, Tian-yin. 1984. On the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary of the Jiangshan–Changshan area, W. Zhejiang. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (Compilers). Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary, 1, 9–44. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House.Google Scholar
Ludvigsen, R. 1982 a. Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician trilobite biostratigraphy of the Rabbitkettle Formation, western district of Mackenzie. Royal Ontario Museum, Publications in Life Sciences 134, 188 pp.Google Scholar
Ludvigsen, R. 1982 b. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the western District of Mackenzie, Canada. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 141–53. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Luo, Huilin. 1983. New finds of trilobites from Late Cambrian in western Yunnan. In Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, 11, Three Rivers Stratigraphy and Palaeontology (ed. Three Rivers Monograph Editorial Committee), pp. 1–24, pis. 1–6. Beijing: Geological Press.Google Scholar
Mansuy, H. 1915. Faunes cambriennes du Haut-Tonkin. Memoir de la Service géologique de l'lndochine, 4, fascicule 2, 1–35, pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Mansuy, H. 1916. Faunes cambriennes de l'extrême-orient meridional. Mémoir de la Service géologique de l'indochine, 5, fascicule 1, 1–48, pls. 1–7.Google Scholar
Martin, F. & Dean, W. T. 1981. Middle and Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician acritarchs from Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 343, 43 pp., 6 pls.Google Scholar
Maximova, Z. A. 1962. Ordovician and Silurian trilobites of the Siberian Platform. In Biostratigraphy of the Palaeozoic of the Siberian Platform, Ordovician and Silurian. Transactions of the All-Union Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI) 76, 215 pp., 18 pls. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Miller, J. F. 1984. Cambrian and earliest Ordovician conodont evolution, biofacies, and provincialism. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 196, 43–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, J. C. 1898. En trilobit från Skånes Dictyograptus-skiffer. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhand-lingar 20, 317–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, J. C. & Segerberg, C. O. 1906. Bidrag till Kannedomen om Ceratopygeregionen med Sarskild hansyn, till des utreckling i Forgelsanstraken. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N.F. Avd 2(2), 113 pp., 7 pls.Google Scholar
Nikolaisen, F. & Henningsmoen, G. 1985. Upper Cambrian and Lower Tremadoc olenid trilobites from the Digermul Peninsula, Finnmark, northern Norway. Norske Geologiske Undersokelse, Bulletin 400, 49 pp.Google Scholar
Norford, B. S. 1969. The Early Canadian (Tremadocian) trilobites Clelandia and Jujuyaspis from the southern Rocky Mountains of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 182, 1–15, pl. 1.Google Scholar
Ogienko, L. V. 1977. Biostratigraphic account of the Lower Ordovician in the southern part of the Siberian Platform. Trudy Instituta geologii i geofiziki SO AN SSSR 372, 43–59. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Ogienko, L. V., Byaly, V. I. & Kolosnichina, G. R. 1974. Biostratigraphy of Cambrian and Ordovician deposits in the south Siberian Platform. USSR Ministry of Geology, West Siberian Scientific Research Institute for Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources, Moscow: Nedra, 207 pp., 35 pis. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Omara, S. 1972. An Early Cambrian outcrop in southwestern Sinai, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologic und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1972(5), 306–14.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1960. Some aspects of the early Upper Cambrian stratigraphy of White Pine County, Nevada, and vicinity. Intermontane Association of Petroleum Geologists, 11th. Annual Field Conference, 1960, Guidebook, pp. 53–8.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. R. 1968. Cambrian trilobites of east-central Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 559–B, 115 pp., 13 pls.Google Scholar
Peng, Shan-chi. 1983. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Cili-Taoyuan border area, northwestern Hunan. In Papers for the Symposium on the Cambrian–Ordovician and Ordovician-Silurian Boundaries. Nanjing, China 1983, pp. 44–52, pls. 1–3. Academia Sinica, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Peng, Shan-chi. 1984. Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in the Cili–Taoyuan border area, northwestern Hunan with descriptions of the relative trilobites. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (compilers). Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary 1, 285–405, pls. 1–18. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House.Google Scholar
Petrunina, Z. E. 1966. Trilobites and Tremadoc Biostratigraphy in the Western Part of the Sayan-Altai Mountain Ranges. Synopsis of dissertation. Alma-Ata, 30 pp, (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Petrunina, Z. E. 1973. New genera and species of Tremadoc trilobites in west Siberia. In New Knowledge of the Geology and Mineral Resources of Western Siberia, Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House 8, 59–68, pls, 1–2. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Pokrovskaya, N. V. 1966. Trilobites of the Family Olenidae from the Upper Cambrian of Yakutia. Paleonto-logichesky Zhurnal, 1966 (2), 67–80, pls. 10.Google Scholar
Příbyl, A. & Vaněk, J. 1980. Ordovician trilobites of Bolivia. Rozpravy Československé Akademie Věd, Rada Matematických a Přírodnich Věd 90(2), 90 pp., 26 pls.Google Scholar
Robison, R. A. 1960. Lower and Middle Cambrian stratigraphy of the eastern Great Basin. Intermontane Association of Petroleum Geologists, 11th. Annual Field Conference, 1960, Guidebook, pp. 43–52.Google Scholar
Robison, R. A. & Pantoja-Alor, J. 1968. Tremadocian trilobites from the Nochixtlán region, Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology 42(3), 767–800, pls. 97–104.Google Scholar
Rozova, A. V. 1968. Biostratigraphic zoning and trilobites of the Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician of the northwestern Siberian Platform. Trudy Instituta geologii i geofiziki SO AN SSSR 36, 196 pp. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Rozova, A. V. 1977. See Zhuravleva, I. T. & Rozova, A. V. (eds) 1977.Google Scholar
Rozova, A. V. 1984. Cambrian: upper section. In Phanerozoic of Siberia. Trudy Instituta geologii i geofiziki SO AN SSSR 595, 46–50. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A. 1982. The biostratigraphy and correlation of the Merioneth-Tremadoc Series boundary in North Wales. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 41–59, National Museum of Wales Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Saurin, E. 1956. Le cambrien en Indochine. In El Sistema Cambrico, su Palaeogeografia y el Problema du su Base 1, 393–415. 20th Session of the International Geological Congress, Mexico.Google Scholar
Scotese, C. R., Bambach, R. K., Barton, C., vander Voo, R. & Ziegler, A. M. 1979. Palaeozoic base maps. Journal of Geology 87(3), 217–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sdzuy, K. 1955. Die Fauna der Leimitz–Schiefer (Tremadoc). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturfors-chenden Gesellschaft 492, 74 pp., 8 pls.Google Scholar
Sdzuy, K. 1958. Fossilien aus dem Tremadoc der Montagne Noire. Senckenbergiana lethaea 39(3/4), 255–88, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. B. 1951. The palaeontology of northwest Vermont. Part 1, New Late Cambrian trilobites. Journal of Paleontology 25, 97–114, pls. 21–4.Google Scholar
Shergold, J. H. 1971. Resume of data on the base of the Ordovician in northern and central Australia. In Colloque ordovicien-silurien, Brest, Septembre 1971. Memoir de la Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres 73, 391–402.Google Scholar
Shergold, J. H. 1975. Late Cambrian and early Ordovician trilobites from the Burke River Structural Belt, western Queensland. Bureau of Mineral Resources of Australia, Bulletin 153 (2 vols.), 251 pp., 58 pls.Google Scholar
Shergold, J. H., Cooper, R. A., Druce, E. C. & Webby, B. D. 1982. Synopsis of selected sections at the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary in Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica. In The Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary: Sections, Fossil Distributions, and Correlations (ed. Bassett, M. G., Dean, W. T.), pp. 211–27. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series no. 3, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Shergold, J. H., Liñan, E. & Palacios, T. 1983. Late Cambrian trilobites from the Najerilla Formation, north-eastern Spain. Palaeontology 26(1), 71–92, pls. 11–12.Google Scholar
Shergold, J. H. & Sdzuy, K. 1984. Cambrian and early Tremadocian trilobites from Sultan Dağ, central Turkey. Senckenbergiana lethaea 65(1/3), 51–135, 8 pls.Google Scholar
Smith, A. G., Briden, J. C. & Drewry, G. E. 1973. Phanerozoic world maps. In Organisms and continents through time (ed. Hughes, N. F.), Special Papers in Palaeontology 12, 1–42.Google Scholar
Smith, A. G., Hurley, A. M. & Briden, J. C. 1983. Phanerozoic Palaeocontinental World Maps. Cambridge Earth Science Series, 102 pp., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stait, B., Burrett, C. & Wongwanich, T. 1984. Ordovician trilobites from the Tarutao formation, southern Thailand. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 1984(1), 53–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stitt, J. H. 1971. Cambrian–Ordovician trilobites, western Arbuckle Mountains. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Bulletin 110, 83 pp., 8 pls.Google Scholar
Stitt, J. H. 1977. Late Cambrian and earliest Ordovician trilobites, Wichita Mountains area, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey, Bulletin 124, 79 pp. 6 pls.Google Scholar
Suarez-Soruco, R. 1975. Nuevos trilobites del Tremadociano inferior (Ordovicico) del sur de Bolivia. Revista Technica de Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos 4(3), 129–46, 2 pls.Google Scholar
Sun, Yun-chu. 1924. Contribution to the Cambrian faunas of China. Palaeontologica Sinica, Series B, I, Fascicule 4, 109 pp., 5 pls.Google Scholar
Sun, Yun-chu. 1935. The Upper Cambrian trilobite faunas of North China. Palaeontologica Sinica, Series B, 2, Fascicule 2, 69 pp., 6 pls.Google Scholar
Sun, Yun-chu. 1939. On the occurrence of Fengshanian (the late Upper Cambrian) trilobite faunas in W. Yunnan. 40th Anniversary Papers of the National University of Peking, 1939, 29–34, pl. 1 (reprinted July 1947 in Contributions to the Geological Institute of the National University of Peking 27, 29–34, pl. 1).Google Scholar
Sun, Yun-chu. 1945. The Sino–Burmese geosyncline of early Palaeozoic time with special reference to its extent and character. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 25(1–4), 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Yun-chu & Szetu, S. S. 1947. Preliminary notes on the stratigraphy of the Paoshan region, W. Yunnan. Contributions to the Geological Institute of the National University of Peking 32, 1–25.Google Scholar
Sun, Yunzhu & Xiang, Liwen. 1979. Late Upper Cambrian trilobite fauna from western Yunnan. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Series 11(1), 1–15, pls. 1–4.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. E. 1976. Indigenous and redeposited trilobites from late Cambrian basinal environments of central Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 50(4), 668–700, pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Thein, M. L. 1973. The Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the western part of the southern Shan State, Burma. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 6, 143–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomczykowa, E. 1968. Stratygrafia osadów najwyzszego Kambru w Górach Świętokrzyskich. Instytut Geologiczny Prace 54, 85 pp., 3 pls.Google Scholar
Vaněk, J. 1965. Die Trilobiten des mittelbohmischen Tremadoc. Senckenbergiana lethaea 46(4/6), 263–308, pls. 22–6.Google Scholar
Webby, B. D., Wang, Qizheng & Mills, K. J. (in press). Upper Cambrian–basal Ordovician trilobites from western New South Wales, Australia. Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Westergård, A. H. 1944. Borrningar genom skaanes Alunskiffer, 1941–42. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Series C, 459, Årsbok 38(1), 3–37 (Swedish), 38–45 (English), pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Westergård, A. H. 1947. Supplementary notes on the Upper Cambrian trilobites of Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Series C, 489, Årsbok 41 (8), 34 pp., 3 pls.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Hughes, C. P. 1972. Ordovician geography and faunal provinces deduced from trilobite distribution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 263(850), 235–78.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Hughes, C. P. 1973. Ordovician trilobite distribution and geography. In Organisms and continents through time (ed. Hughes, N. F.). Special Papers in Palaeontology 12, 235–40.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Hughes, C. P. 1974. Geography and faunal provinces in the Tremadoc Epoch. In Palaeogeographic provinces and provinciality (ed. Ross, C. A.). Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 21, 203–18.Google Scholar
Winston, D. & Nicholls, H. 1967. Late Cambrian and early Ordovician faunas from the Wilberns Formation of central Texas. Journal of Paleontology 41(1), 66–96, pls. 9–13.Google Scholar
Wolf, R. 1980. The lower and upper boundary of the Ordovician System of some selected regions (Celtiberia, eastern Sierra Morena) in Spain. Part 1: The Lower Ordovician sequence of Celtiberia. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 160, 118–37.Google Scholar
Wolfart, R. 1970. Fauna, Stratigraphie und Paläogeographie des Ordoviziums in Afghanistan. Beihefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch 89, 125 pp., 21 pls.Google Scholar
Wolfart, R. 1981. Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Middle East. In Lower Palaeozoic of the Middle East, Eastern and Southern Africa, and Antarctica (ed. Holland, C. H.), pp. 5–130. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Wolfart, R. 1983. The Cambrian System in the Near and Middle East. Correlation Chart and Explanatory Notes. International Union of Geological Sciences, Publication 15, 72 pp.Google Scholar
Wolfart, R., u Myo, Win, Saw, Boiteau, u Myo, Wai, u Peter UK, Cung & u Thit, Lwin. 1984. Stratigraphy of the western Shan Massif, Burma. Geologisches Jahrbuch, B 57, 92 pp, 3 pls.Google Scholar
Wongwanich, T. & Burrett, C. F. 1983. The Lower Palaeozoic of Thailand. Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand, 6(2), 21–9.Google Scholar
Wongwanich, T., Wyatt, D., Stait, B. & Burrett, C. F. 1983. The Ordovician System in southern Thailand and northern Malaysia. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Stratigraphie Correlation of Thailand and Malaysia, September 8–10, 1983 (ed. Nutalaya, P.), pp. 77–95. Geological Society of Thailand, Geological Society of Malaysia, Bangkok.Google Scholar
Wright, A. J. 1979. Evaluation of a New Zealand Tremadocian trilobite. Geological Magazine 116(5), 353–64, pls. 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiang, Li-wen & Zhang, Tai-rong. 1984. Tremadocian trilobites from the western part of northern Tianshan, Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 23(4), 399–407 (Chinese), 407–9 (English), pls. 1–3.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhi-yi, Wang, Zhi-hao, Zhang, Jun-ming, Lin, Yao-kin, Zhang, Jin-lin. 1983. Potential Cambrian-Ordovician boundary stratotype sections in north and northeast China. In Papers for the Symposium on the Cambrian-Ordovician and Ordovician-Silurian Boundaries, Nanjing, China 1983, pp. 21–4. Academia Sinica, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhi-yi, Wang, Zhi-hao, Zhang, Jun-ming, Lin, Yao-kun & Zhang, Jin-lin. 1985. Cambrian-Ordovician boundary sections and the proposed candidates for stratotype in North and Northeast China. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (compilers). Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary, 2, 1–57, pls. 1–3. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhi-yi & Zhang, Jin-lin. 1978. The Cambrian-Ordovician boundary of the Tangshan area with descriptions of the related trilobite fauna. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 17(1), 10–23 (Chinese), 23–6 (English), pis. 1–3.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhi-yi & Zhang, Jin-lin. 1983. Uppermost Cambrian and lowest Ordovician trilobites of North and Northeast China. In Papers for the Symposium on the Cambrian-Ordovician and Ordovician-Silurian Boundaries, Nanjing, China 1983, pp. 25–30, pls. 1–3. Academia Sinica, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhi-yi & Zhang, Jin-lin. 1985. Uppermost Cambrian and lowest Ordovician trilobites of North and Northeast China. In Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (compilers). Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China. Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary, 2, 63–163, pls. 1–29. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House.Google Scholar
Zhu, Zhao-ling. 1982. Early Palaeozoic trilobites from eastern Xizang and western Sichuan. In Stratigraphy and Palaeontology in Western Sichuan and Eastern Xizang, China, 2, 293–7 (Chinese), 298–9 (English), pis. 1–4.Google Scholar
Zhuravleva, I. T. & Rozova, A. V. (eds) 1977. Biostratigraphy and fauna of the Upper Cambrian and adjacent strata (new data from the Asiatic regions of the USSR), Trudy Instituta geologii i geofiziki SO AN SSSR 313, 355 pp. 31 pls. (In Russian.)Google Scholar