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Effects of chemical weathering on the exceptional preservation of mineralized insects from the Crato Formation, Cretaceous of Brazil: implications for late diagenesis of fine-grained Lagerstätten deposits

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2023

Francisco Irineudo Bezerra Open the ORCID record for Francisco Irineudo Bezerra [Opens in a new window] ,
João Hermínio da Silva ,
Enzo Victorino Hernández Agressot ,
Paulo Tarso C. Freire ,
Bartolomeu Cruz Viana  and
Márcio Mendes
Francisco Irineudo Bezerra*
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 64049-550, Brazil
João Hermínio da Silva
Affiliation:
Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará 63048-080, Brazil
Enzo Victorino Hernández Agressot
Affiliation:
Campus Foz do Iguaçu, Instituto Federal do Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná 85860-000, Brazil
Paulo Tarso C. Freire
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-graduação em Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60455-970, Brazil
Bartolomeu Cruz Viana
Affiliation:
Laboratório interdisciplinar de materiais avançados, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí 64049-550, Brazil
Márcio Mendes
Affiliation:
Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 64049-550, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Francisco Irineudo Bezerra, Email: irineudoufc@gmail.com
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Abstract

Many studies have improved our understanding of the mode of preservation at the Crato fossil Lagerstätte. The high degree of preservation of the Crato mineralized insects is thought to be a consequence of the diffusion of ions through carcasses and envelopment by bacteria that, in turn, created microenvironmental conditions that led to mineralization, mainly pyritization. Pyritized insects have been oxidized by in situ weathering to more stable oxide/hydroxy minerals during Quaternary time. This transformation is essential to maintain the palaeontological information acquired during microbially induced pyritization in an oxidizing atmosphere. However, intense weathering can diminish or obscure the morphological fidelity, and little attention has been paid to the post-diagenetic processes experienced by these fossils. Here, we aim to determine the degree of alteration undergone by Crato pyritized insects using the following combination of analytical tools: scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Our results show that well-preserved insects are preferentially replaced by haematite and poorly preserved fossils are replaced by goethite. In addition, we recorded three types of post-diagenetic alteration: insects with iron-oxide overgrowths; insects associated with black coatings, sometimes with the formation of dendrites; and insects preserved as an impression, where only the outline of the body remains. All of these alterations have the potential to distort or tarnish palaeontological information. Here, we measured the effects of such telodiagenetic alterations at macro and micro scales. Therefore, this taphonomic approach has wide applicability wherever fine-grained deposits bearing mineralized insects are found.

Keywords

taphonomymineralizationin situ weatheringpseudomorphismoxidationpost-diagenesispalaeontological information
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 160 , Issue 5 , May 2023 , pp. 911 - 926
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

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