Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gvh9x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T00:01:26.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A RE-INTERPRETATION OF HYBRID VIGOUR IN COCOA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2008

JOE THAU-YIN PANG  and
G. LOCKWOOD
JOE THAU-YIN PANG
Affiliation:
Golden Hope Research Sdn Bhd, PO Box 135, 91007 Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia
G. LOCKWOOD*
Affiliation:
30 St. Martins Drive, Eynsford, Dartford, DA4 0EZ Kent, United Kingdom
*
‡Corresponding author. RandMLockwood@aol.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

For 50 years, ‘hybrid vigour’ in crosses involving genotypes collected from the centre of diversity of the crop in the Peruvian Amazon has been the guiding principle of cocoa breeding. In the work described here, six Amazonian genotypes and one Trinitario clone were used to produce four bi-parental crosses. Twenty-two plants of each cross were propagated from plagiotropic buds as ‘cloned seedlings’ and evaluated for growth, yield and yield efficiency (the ratio of yield to continuing vegetative growth) in replicated trials in comparison with the parental clones and the reproduced seedling family. The reproduced seedling families grew faster than and outyielded all the clones in all four crosses, although they showed no gain in yield efficiency. The vigour and yield of the ‘cloned seedlings’ of the three inter-Amazon crosses exceeded mid-parent value (MPV), but not the single Trinitario cross. The pattern of departures from MPVs was inconsistent with current understanding of the genetic distance between the parents. The superiority of the seedlings over the ‘cloned seedlings’ is interpreted as an epigenetic effect. The results suggest that simple recurrent selection is an appropriate breeding strategy in cocoa, with different optimum planting densities for the seedling and clonal phases. It is concluded that if the concept of very large ‘hybrid vigour’ did not already exist in cocoa, it would not be adopted on the evidence of this work, the first in which clones were compared to their progeny grown as clones.

Type
Research Article
Information
Experimental Agriculture , Volume 44 , Issue 3 , July 2008 , pp. 329 - 338
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allen, J. B. (1988). Geographical variation and population biology in wild Theobroma cacao. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK.Google Scholar
Atanda, O. A. and Toxopeus, H. (1971). A proved case of heterosis. In Proceedings of the Third International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, 1969, 545–551.Google Scholar
Bartley, B. G. D. (1967). Progress in cacao breeding and genetics. In Proceedings of the First International Cocoa Research Conference, Abidjan 1965, 228–232.Google Scholar
Bartley, B. G. D. (2005). The Genetic Diversity of Cacao and its Utilization. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, G. D. H. and Rogers, H. H. (1956). Cacao breeding at W.A.C.R.I. In Proceedings of the Cacao Breeding Conference, 31–49. West African Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana.Google Scholar
Cope, F. W. (1953). Some results of the cacao clonal trials at River Estate. A Report on Cacao Research 1945–1951: 12–23. The Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, St Augustine, Trinidad BWI.Google Scholar
Daymond, A. J., Hadley, P., Machado, R. C. R. and Ng, E. (2002). Genetic variability in the partitioning to the yield component of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). HortScience 37:799–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doorenbos, J. (1965). Juvenile and adult phases in woody plants. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Volume 15, 1222–1235 (Ed Ruhland, W.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Duneberg, A. (1977). Juvenility, maturation, ageing and rejuvenation in woody plants. Lecture on Vegetative Propagation of Forest Trees – Physiology and Practice; Uppsala, February 1977, 55–64.Google Scholar
Eskes, A. B., Paulin, D., Clement, D., N'Goran, J. A. K., Sounigo, O., Lachenaud, P., Cilas, C., Berry, D. and Yagmpam, A. (1994). Selection methods applied and genetic knowledge generated in cocoa breeding in Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cocoa Breeding Strategies, Kuala Lumpur, 1994, 41–50.Google Scholar
Husen, A. and Pal, M. (2006). Variation in shoot anatomy and rooting behaviour of stem cuttings in relation to age of donor plants in teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F.). New Forests 31:57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanaud, C., Motamayor, J-C. and Risterucci, A-M (2001). Implications of new insight into the genetic structure of Theobroma cacao L. for breeding strategies. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on New Technologies and Cocoa Breeding, Kota Kinabalu, 2000, 89–107.Google Scholar
Larsen, F. E. and Fritts, R. (1982). Sixteen-year summary of apple rootstock influence on yield, yield efficiency and trunk growth. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 107:23–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, G. and Pang, J. T. Y. (1993). Utilization of cocoa germplasm in breeding for yield. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Conservation, Characterisation and Utilisation of Cocoa Genetic Resources in the 21st Century, Cocoa Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Trinidad, 198–214.Google Scholar
Lockwood, G. and Pang, J. T. Y. (1996). Yields of cocoa clones in response to planting density in Malaysia. Experimental Agriculture 32:41–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masseret, B., Alvarez, M., Fontanel, A. and Pétiard, V. (2005). Conformity of cocoa trees produced via somatic embryogenesis. Abstracts, Malaysian International Cocoa Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 2005, 20–23.Google Scholar
Mooleedhar, V. and Lauckner, F. B. (1990). Effect of spacing on yield in improved clones of Theobroma cacao L. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 60:376–378.Google Scholar
Montserin, B. G., de Verteuil, L. L. and Freeman, W. E. (1957). Hybrid cocoa seedlings. Caribbean Commission Public Exchange Service 33:156–159.Google Scholar
PangThau Yin, J. Thau Yin, J. (2004). Rootstock effects on cocoa in Sabah, Malaysia. Experimental Agriculture 40:445–452.Google Scholar
PangThau Yin, J. Thau Yin, J. (2006). Yield efficiency in progeny trials with cocoa. Experimental Agriculture 42:289–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PangThau Yin, J. Thau Yin, J., Lim, D. H. K. and Lockwood, G. (1994). Clonal cocoa trials and selection for superior clones. In Proceedings of the International Cocoa Conference: Challenges in the 90s. Malaysian Cocoa Board, Kuala Lumpur, 1991, 38–47.Google Scholar
Posnette, A. F. (1951). Progeny trials with cacao in the Gold Coast. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture 19:242–252.Google Scholar
Pound, F. J. (1938). Cacao and Witchbroom disease (Marasmius perniciosus) of South America with notes on other species of Theobroma. Yuille's Printerie, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.Google Scholar
Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. (1967). Statistical Methods. 6th edition. Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Soumelidou, K., Battey, N. H., John, P. and Barnett, J. R. (1994). The anatomy of the developing bud union and its relationship to dwarfing in apple. Annals of Botany 74:605–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sounigo, O., Christopher, Y., Ramdahin, S., Umaharan, R. and Sankar, A. (2001). Evaluation and use of the genetic diversity present in the International Cocoa Genebank (ICG,T), in Trinidad. Proceedings of the International Workshop on New Technologies and Cocoa Breeding, Kota Kinabalu, 2000, 65–71.Google Scholar
Toxopeus, H. (1968). Establishment of cacao clones in Nigeria. Euphytica 17:28–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toxopeus, H. (1969). Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). In Outlines of Perennial Crop Breeding in the Tropics, 79–109. (Eds Ferwerda, F. P. and Wit, F.). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Landbouwhogeschool.Google Scholar
Toxopeus, H. (1985). Planting material. In Cocoa, 80–92 (Eds Wood, G.A.R. and Lass, R.A.) 4th edn. Harlow: Longman Scientific and Technical.Google Scholar
Toxopeus, H. and Atanda, O. A. (1971). A proved case of heterosis in Theobroma cacao L. Proceedings of the Third International Cocoa Research Conference, Accra, 1969, 545–551.Google Scholar
Van Hall, C. J. J. (1930). Trinidad and Java cacao. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 7:9–12.Google Scholar