Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-qs9v7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T06:35:43.196Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Literary and Cultural Circulation: Machado de Assis and Théodule-Armand Ribot*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2015

José Luís Jobim*
Affiliation:
Rua Paissandu 186 ap. 104, CEP 22210-080, Rio de Janeiro – RJ, Brazil. E-mail: jjobim@id.uff.br

Abstract

This paper’s argument is that in the case of Ibero-America, the literary or cultural insertion of elements from other places is not only or predominantly determined by the meaning that the element had in its supposed place of origin, but, rather, by the specific context where this element is subsequently placed. It is the study of this context that can generate better explanations not only about the reasons for this (and not another) element having been ‘imported’ but also about the meaning that it will have in the new context, in connection with the other elements that are also present there. After giving some answers from a selected number of scholars to the question of how does a given literary or cultural element, with an assumed origin in a given context, insert itself in another context, this paper will present, as a case study, the supposed ‘importation’ by Machado de Assis of the ideas of Théodule-Armand Ribot, demonstrating that the Brazilian author did not reproduce ‘imported’ elements, maintaining them in the terms in which they were articulated in the work of the French writer in their original context, but rather transformed them into something else.

Type
Focus: A Dialogue of Cultures
Copyright
© Academia Europaea 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Translated by Dr Lisa Shaw (Reader in Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, Department of Cultures, Languages and Area Studies, University of Liverpool).

References

References and Notes

1.Santiago, S. (2012) El entre-lugar del discurso latinoamericano. In: Una literatura en los trópicos. Trad. M. L. Estupiñan and R. R. Freire (Santiago do Chile: Ediciones Escaparate).Google Scholar
2.Espagne, M. (1999) Les transferts culturels franco-allemands (Paris: PUF).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Ortiz, F. (1983 [1940]) Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar (Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales), p. 86.Google Scholar
4.Rama, A. (1989 [1982]) Transculturación narrativa en América Latina (Montevideo: Findación Angel Rama), p. 13.Google Scholar
5.The excerpt quoted by Rama appears in de Mello e Souza, Gilda (2003) O tupi e o alaúde, 2nd edn (São Paulo: Duas Cidades/Editora 34), p. 61.Google Scholar
6.Candido, A. (1987 [1969]) Literatura e subdesenvolvimento. In: A educação pela noite e outros ensaios (São Paulo: Ática), p. 152.Google Scholar
7.Schwarz, R. ([1977] 2008) Ideias fora do lugar, in: Ao vencedor as batatas (São Paulo: Duas Cidades/Editora 34), p. 932.Google Scholar
8.This paper restricts itself to only one short story by Machado de Assis for reasons of brevity. For a broader vision of the author’s work in its entirety, see de Castro Rocha, J. Cezar (2013) Machado de Assis: por uma poética da emulação (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira), who provides a rigorous illustration of how Machado works with ‘imported’ elements in his work.Google Scholar
9.Abdala, B. Junior (2012) Literatura comparada e relações comunitárias, hoje (Cotia: Ateliê Editoria), p. 27.Google Scholar
10.For example: ‘Graciliano [Ramos] engages with the intellectual field that communally would give rise to the writers called neo-realists in Portugal and the African countries, where intellectual life was gaining awareness of the political situations of those countries. He himself was marked by the literary strategies of Eça de Queirós, but not only him: his fiction is suffused with Brazilian literary tradition, including Machado de Assis. It was then the turn of Portuguese writers to be marked by his literature: they discovered a socially adapted, revolutionary Eça, on a par with the reformer that they discovered in the direct reading of this classic author of Portuguese literature. In Cape Verde, this supranational circulation reached the work of Manuel Lopes, who sought to ‘sink his feet’ into his homeland, despite the tragedy of the droughts, in terms of literary representation. From the regional level, he thus reached the national and supranational levels, via the communal route’ – Abdala, B. Junior (2012) Literatura comparada e relações comunitárias, hoje (Cotia: Ateliê Editorial), p. 36.Google Scholar
11.Mendes, M. (1994) Poesia Completa e Prosa. L. Stegagno Picchio (ed.), (Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar), pp. 12381239.Google Scholar
12.Rosenberg, K. (2012) A continent’s art on a long American journey – ‘African Art, New York, and the Avant-Garde’ at the Met. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/21/arts/design/african-art-new-york-and-the-avant-garde-at-the-met.html?_r=0Google Scholar
13.de Nebrija, A. (1492) Prólogo a la gramática de la lengua castellana. http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XV/nebrija/Google Scholar
14.de Oliveira, F. (1507–ca. 1581) Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa/[Fernão Doliueira]. Em Lixboa: e[m] casa d`Germão Galharde, 27 Ianeyro 1536. http://moodle.stoa.usp.br/file.php/752/avulsos/fdo_gramatica_facsimle.pdfGoogle Scholar
15.de Baros, J. (1540) Grammatica da lingua portuguesa. Olyssipone: apud Lodouicum Rotorigiu[m], Typographum. http://purl.pt/12148/4/Google Scholar
16.‘Because Greece and Rome still exist only for this reason, because when they ruled the world they ordered all the peoples under their control to learn their languages and in the latter they wrote very good doctrines, and not only did they write in these languages what they already understood, but they also transcribed into them all the things of merit that they read in other languages. And in this way they obliged us even now to work at learning and perfecting theirs, forgetting about our own. Let us not do that, but instead remind ourselves that the time has arrived and that now we are the rulers, because it is better that we teach the people of Guinea than be taught by Rome, even if the latter now has all its value and price de Oliveira, F. (1507–ca. 1581) Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa/[Fernão Doliueira]. Em Lixboa: e[m] casa d`Germão Galharde, 27 Ianeyro 1536. http://moodle.stoa.usp.br/file.php/752/avulsos/fdo_gramatica_facsimle.pdfGoogle Scholar
17.Auroux, S. (1992) A revolução tecnológica da gramatização (Campinas: Editora da UNICAMP). http://www.bibliacatolica.com.br/biblia-da-cnbbGoogle Scholar
18.Mariani, B. (2002) Colonização linguística (Campinas: Pontes).Google Scholar
19.de Carvalho Mello, S. J. [Marquês de Pombal] (1755) Diretório dos índios, http://www.nacaomestica.org/diretorio_dos_indios.htmGoogle Scholar
20.Fernández Retamar, R. (2000) El español, lengua de modernidades, in: Concierto para La mano izquierda (Havana: Casa de las Américas), p. 52.Google Scholar
21.For a wider discussion of these issues see: Jobim, J. L. (2013) Literatura e cultura: do nacional ao transnacional (Rio de Janeiro: Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro).Google Scholar
22.For Asian examples relating to this issue see Chakrabarty, D. (2000) Provincializing Europe – Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
23.Ribot, T.-A. (1881) Les maladies de la memoire (Paris: Librairie Germer – Baillière et Cie).Google Scholar
24.de Assis, M. (1979) O lapso, in: Obra completa, vol. II (Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar), pp. 374379. For a wider overview of the numerous other references incorporated by Machado de Assis into this short story, see: I. Barbieri (2001) O lapso ou uma psicoterapia de humor. In: J. L. Jobim (ed.), A biblioteca de Machado de Assis (Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks / Academia Brasileira de Letras).Google Scholar
25.If the narrator of the most well-known novel by Machado de Assis declares that he wrote that work ‘with the quill of mockery and the ink of melancholy’, Rocha concludes: ‘The act of appropriating other cultures favours the critical distance necessary to write with the quill of mockery. And the awareness of his own place in the Republic of Letters gives rise to the ink of melancholy. Via the simple act of recycling tradition in an unconventional way, new elements emerge, creating the conditions necessary for far-reaching formal daring’ – de Castro Rocha, J. Cezar (2013) Machado de Assis: por uma poética da emulação (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira), (Ref. 9, p. 330).Google Scholar