We intended to study the trends of Internet dependence (ID) and to detect possible associations among Greek college students.

646 college students (300 males and 346 females), mean age 20.5 years, from the Technological Educational Institute of Athens, were randomly selected. The students completed special questionnaires which contained questions on their demographics, Young's Addiction Scale (1996), and Lin and Tsai's (2002) Sensation Seeking scale.

1. a. The prevalence of Internet dependents was 7.9%.

2. b. There are more boys (32) Internet addicts than girls (19).

3. c. There is a significant relationship between ID and gender (p < 0.01), average mark in last semester (p < 0.001), and daily use of Internet (p < 0.001). 11% of internet dependent students use the Internet more than 10h per day compare to 1.6% of non-dependent students.

4. d. Internet dependent students have used for more average time per week than non-dependent students online games (p < 0.01), blogs, chat rooms, and forums (p < 0.001).

5. e. Nine (9) factors accounted for 54.467% of the total variance in questions concerning ID, sensation seeking, and relations with others. The three most prominent factors were related problems to internet use, family, and school, compulsive use and withdrawal symptoms and depression.

6. f. There is a substantial correlation between Internet addiction and alcoholism, smoking, and substance taking (p < 0.005).

Internet addicted students are more prone to experience loneliness, withdrawal, depression and rejection from others. Internet over-use affects academic performance and is associated with substance consumption.

Smoking is a major health risk in the population in general with significantly increased morbility/mortality with severe consequences on the quality of life and tremendous economic burden on society. It is well known that psychiatric patients have an even higher prevalence of smoking, of heavy smokers and of other risk factors that contribute to the same illnesses.

Non-smoking campaigns/smoking restrictions have flourished and it appears that more people are quitting or seriously contemplating the idea. When once, many non-smokers tolerated smokers, today the stigma associated with smoking is undeniable. Psychiatric patients, already greatly stigmatized, risk even becoming more so. Furthermore, smoking cessation programs and interventions frequently are not available, exclude many psychiatric patients and/or are ill-adapted to the special needs in this patient population.

To establish the prevalence of smoking, quantity of tobacco smoked, other factors of dependence by psychiatric diagnosis in a portuguese psychiatric hospital.

Establish the motivation of these patients to seek help by professionals and motivation to quit.

Application of questionnaires including Fagerstrom's Modified Questionnaire to patients under care by one team of a Psychaitric hospital in Lisbon, Portugal (CHPL - Sector A).

The study is under way therefore, there are no valid conclusions yet.

Certainly it will be possible to confirm high levels of smoking tobacco in this patient population. Hopefully, we may also conclude that there is the desire to change smoking habits making cessation programs a needed and welcomed intervention in psychiatric settings.

To see the demographic characteristics, co morbidities, past family, psychiatric and forensic history, types of substances misused and treatment provided for patients attending outpatient substance misuse service.

50 case notes were looked into, of patients attending from May-July 2008. A detailed tool was designed which looked at; age, gender, ethnic distribution and living conditions. Presence of medical, psychiatric, family, forensic history was noted. The number of substances, psychotherapeutic intervention and treatment was recorded.

Out of the 50 patients, 35 were males while 15 were females. 9 were between 21-30 years, 27 between 31-50years, 14 over 51. 33 were White British, 7 Black Caribbean, 3 Asians and 2 mixed race.33 out of 50 were single and 25 had stable accommodation. 26 had a family history, 32 had a forensic history and 75% had physical problems. Out of the 50 patients, 18 did not have psychiatric history. 33 used 2 substances, 17 used 3 and 6 out of 50 used 4 substances.14 were given Methadone, 7 Buprenorphine, 13 were on Chlordiazepoxide and 1 switched between opiates.

There was a preponderance of male users, with majority of patients presenting to services with co-morbid physical conditions. Almost two thirds had a forensic history. About 66% of patients used more than one substance. Apart from one, none had psychotherapeutic intervention, which needs to be considered for the future. The study showed the complex cases that are seen in the Specialist service, and preponderance of poly substance users.

Since the introduction of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM-III) in 1980, there has been a growing interest in the study of patients with substance use disorders (SUD). The driving force behind this field has been, and still is, the high clinical pessimism about the prognosis, and the difficulties in the clinical management of the characteristics of diagnosed patients. In this way the important matter to study is the evaluation of co-occurring personality problems and substance abuse. So the study investigated the personality traits of addicted and nonadicted people.

101 addicted people and 101 nonaddicted people were randomly selected and Mc Care & Costa's NEO PI-R inventory was administered on them. Mean scores were compared with T independent tests.

Findings indicated that there are differences among means of personality traits in two groups. Addicted people are more neurotic and open to experience than nonaddicted people and nonaddicted people are more extroverted, agreeable and conscientiousness than addicted people.

Findings showed addicted people are more neurotic and open to experience than nonaddicted people and nonaddicted people are more extroverted, agreeable and conscientiousness than addicted people.It indicates that evaluating with reliable measures and with more attentions to personality traits can help the psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose the cause of tendency to addiction and also reduce the psychological problems that is related with addiction before and in during drug treatment and can reduce duration of treatment and enhance efficacy of treatment methods.

According to recent research about treatment of diseases, pain coping strategies or management of pain can play important role in pain decrease and treatment of disease. But there is a few documented article or reference that imply to pain coping strategies specially in relation to personality in substance abusers. So this pilot study was to assess the relationship between pain coping strategies and personality traits in substance abusers.

50 addicted were randomly selected and Rosenstein & Keefe's Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (PCSQ) and Mc Care & Costa's NEO PI-R inventory were administered on them. PCSQ assesses six pain coping strategies: diverting attention, reinterpretation pain sensation, self -negotiation, ignoring pain, disastrous thought and praying-hoping and NEO assesses five personality traits: Neuroticism, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience.

Finding showedthe are positive significant relationship between neuroticism and disastrous thought, negative significant relationship between agreeableness and disastrous thought, negative significant relationship between neuroticism and diverting attention, positive significant relationship between extroversion and conscientiousness and diverting attention.

With regard to findings it is recomended that in addition to drug treatment, for changing the attitudes and thinking in addicts, psychiatrits and psychologists apply psychological treatments specially cognitive - behaviour therapy to reduce bad and abnormal thinking level about pain so that the lenght during of treatment declince and as a results reduce the personality problems that is related with addiction before and in during drug treatment.

To eliminate psychological dependence of an individual on narcotics.

1. 1. bio-psycho-social-religious determinism of a personality;

2. 2. the principle of psychological set;

3. 3. the principle of structural-systemic approach;

4. 4. the principle of differential approach;

5. 5. the principle of complementarity of various psychotherapeutic approaches;

6. 6. the principle of creative approach;

7. 7. the principle of establishing psychotherapeutic relations with a patient;

8. 8. the principle of determinism of conscious and subconscious psychic phenomena;

9. 9. the principle of coordinated psychotherapeutic influence upon the patient's consciousness and subconscious psyche.

1. 1. establishment of certain psychotherapeutic relations between the psychotherapist and the patient;

2. 2. psychological preparation of the patient for work on the formation of an antinarcotic set;

3. 3. revelation and work with the key components of the patient's antinarcotic set (motivation, the behaviors, the emotions, the memory, ways of self-realization, time continuum of the personality, etc.);

4. 4. psychological preparation of the patient for work on the formation of the antinarcotic set at subconscious level;

5. 5. psychotherapeutic work on the antinarcotic set at subconscious level (with the help of the combined trance-suggestive method);

6. 6. testing of the formation of antinarcotic psychological set in the personality.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in dimensions of temperament between alcohol dependent inpatients and healthy control subjects.

The study is consisted of 77 alcohol-dependent patients according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition and 80 healthy control subjects. Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) scale and semi structured sociodemographic form were applied to the subjects after detoxification period.

Age and education level were similar rates in both alcohol dependent (mean age= 43.7 ± 10.1 and education level= 9.0 ± 4.2) and healthy control subjects (mean age: 42.5 ± 11.8 and education level: 10.2 ± 3.8). Alcohol-dependent patients were characterized by higher Novelty-Seeking (p=0.006) and Harm Avoidance (p=0.002) than non-psychiatric control subjects. Also, subjects suffering from Alcohol-dependence exhibited significantly more depressive (p=0.003), anxious (p=0.001), irritable (p=0.004) and cyclothymic (p=0.001) temperament. Novelty-Seeking [95% C.I = 1.08 (1.07-1.16)] and cyclothymic temperament [95% C.I = 1.13 (1.03-1.23)] were predictors of alcohol dependency.

Novelty seeking and harm avoidance were significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy subjects. Novelty-Seeking and cyclothymic temperament were predictors for alcohol dependency. It seems to be important to consider TCI dimensions and affective temperaments in planning the treatment and maybe in preventing of alcohol dependence.

Addiction is one of the most terrible disasters that has struck the young people in our country and has destroyed many of our economic and human resources. This study was done to determine the effective factors in the re-addiction after quitting in Ardabil.

This study was a descriptive study in which the subjects have been addicts referring to the governmental and nongovernmental drug treating centers in Ardabil. 380 addicts were chosen on the basis of sampling. The instrument was a questionnaire of two parts. The first part consists of 16 questions about demographic factors and the second part with 39 questions was about the factors that caused re-addiction. The questionnaire had a content validity and its reliability was determined by the test-retest method.

The results show that 50.5% of the subjects ranged between 30 to 50 years. less than 89.2% city residents, 32.6% opium addicts and 34.5% had quit at least twice, and 64.7% of them had started again after 2 months, 50.6% of the addicts had mental disorders. Chi-square statistical analyses showed that there is significant relationship between personal, social, economic and family-related factors with re-addiction.

It can be concluded that the combination of personal, social, economic and family-related factors play a very important role in re-addiction. So it is recommended that for re-addiction prevention all dimensions of the addicts have to be taken into consideration when they are quitting.

The study is to clarify role of emotional intelligent in addicted and nonaddicted people.

80 addicted and 82 nonaddicted people were randomly selected and Schutte's Self- Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSREIT) administered on them. Data were analyzed with independent T formula.

Results showed significant differences between components of emotional intelligent especially in regulation, expression and assessment of emotions between tow groups.

Findings indicates that applying of plans in the field of increasing emotional intelligent can help peolple with positive attitudes to addiction in order to manage the bad problems and event and as a result reduce tendency to addiction.

Methamphetamine has strong addictive characteristics and is a potent neurotoxin. We use Single PhotonEmission Computed Tomography (SPECT) to study brain perfusion in persons who were formerly chronic binge users of methamphetamine and who at the time of imaging had abstained from methamphetamine use for anaverage of 2 years.

Members of the methamphetamine group were 20 men who had previously injected methamphetamine intravenously for over 30 months and who were now abstinent for a minimum of 9 months and for an average of 2 years. Controls were 12 healthy men who had never injected methamphetamine. Images were obtained 40 minutes after intravenous injection of 1110 MBq of Tc-99m ECD using a dual-head gamma camera (ECAM plus; Siemens).

The mean global count was significantly decreased in methamphetamine group compared with that of control group (p < 0.0001). After global normalization, rCBF in methamphetamine user group compared with the control group was significantly disproportionately reduced in the striatum, thalamus, cingulum, mesiodorsal prefrontal cortex, and pons. Furthermore, normalized rCBF was strongly intercorrelated across all regions where disproportionate hypoperfusion was identified, including striatum and thalamus (r=0.90), thalamus and cingulum (r=0.91), thalamus and pons(r=0.89), and striatum and pons (r=0.94).

Binge use of methamphetamine produces long-term changes in global and regional blood flow producing a pattern of hypoperfusion that resembles patterns reported previously for persons with atypical Parkinson disease. These findings suggest that methamphetamine abusers may be at increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases later in life.

Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative that is used recreationally and is now being tested in clinical trials for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Ecstasy can damage serotonin neurones in brain of experimental animals; however, relevance of these findings to the human is debated.

To measure by positron emission tomography (PET) levels of binding to the serotonin transporter (SERT), a marker of serotonin neurones, in brain of chronic ecstasy users and in matched controls.

An estimate of brain SERT levels was obtained, using the PET tracer 11C-DASB, in 50 chronic (confirmed by drug hair testing) ecstasy users (mean age, 26 years; mean duration of drug use, 3.9 years; median drug withdrawal time, 38 days) and 50 (drug-hair negative) control subjects (mean age 26 years).

SERT binding levels in the ecstasy group were significantly decreased by 22 to 46% in frontal, temporal, cingulate, insular and occipital cortices, and by 23% in hippocampus. However, concentrations were distinctly normal in the SERT-rich caudate, putamen, ventral striatum and thalamus.

Our imaging data suggest that cerebral cortical SERT concentration is below normal in some ecstasy users for at least one month after last use of the drug. However, it remains to be established whether low SERT might have preceded drug use, reflects actual loss of brain serotonin neurones, or is causally related to any functional impairment in the ecstasy users. (Supported by US NIH NIDA DA017301).

It has been used WILLOU GHBY PERSONALITY SCHEDULE -all of them have been over fifty points which means that all of them have social phobia. They are curred with REMERON and TRITTICO and cognitiv behavior psycho therapy. REMERON has great success in secundary depression reduction. TRITTICO has great succes in anxiety reduction.