The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is used to measure novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence RD), and persistence (P).

We will study temperament in individuals with psychosis and healthy controls.

We aim to study the stability of temperament in individuals with psychotic disorders (with onset of illness before and after first follow-up) and in healthy controls.

As part of the 31-year follow-up survey of the prospective population based Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, the TCI was filled by a large sample of individuals. A subsample of psychotic individuals, with the onset of illness before (n=16) or after (n=15) the 31-year follow-up, and healthy controls (n=117) filled in these scales again at the age of 43. We studied also the association between psychotic symptoms and premorbid temperament.

The 31-year and 43-year temperament scores correlated strongly among controls (Pearson's r: NS 0.68, HA 0.60, RD 0.56, P 0.54), whereas correlations among psychotic individuals with the onset of psychosis before first follow-up were weaker (NS 0.38, HA 0.50, RD 0.17, P 0.53). High HA before the onset of illness (at age of 31 years) associated significantly with a lower likelihood of remission and with more negative, disorganization and total symptoms in the PANSS. High NS before illness associated with a higher likelihood of remission according to the PANSS.

Temperament was stable among controls, and more unstable in individuals with psychoses. Premorbid harm avoidance and novelty seeking predicts the clinical outcome in schizophrenia.

Type D (distressed) personality is defined as the co-occurrence of negative affect (NA) and social inhibition (SI).

Although many studies have analyzed the association of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and personality traits, the effect of Type D personality on sleep quality of patients with IBS has not been evaluated.

We aimed to assess the prevalence of Type D personality in patients with and to investigate whether the presence of a Type D personality would affect subjective sleep quality in patients with IBS.

Ninety-seven patients who met the Rome III criteria for IBS with no psychiatric comorbidity were consecutively enrolled, along with 39 healthy controls. Type D Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used in the collection of data.

Of 97 patients evaluated, 45.4% met criteria for Type D personality. Thirty-five patients (36.1%) and 7 healthy volunteers (17.9%) were “poor” sleepers (p< 0.05). IBS patients with a Type D personality were found to score higher on sleep latency, sleep disturbance, and global sleep quality domains of PSQI than patients without a Type D personality. Poor sleeping was more prevalent among patients with a Type D personality than those without (50.0% vs 33.9%; p < 0.01). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant independent association of Type D personality with poor sleeping (r = 0.315; p < 0.01).

Type D personality was associated with decreased perceived sleep quality in patients with IBS.

In Lithuania psychiatrist's service are easily accessible due to a wide network of Mental Health Centers; however, specialists recognize the existence of information gap, myths and attitudes that discourage well-timed appeal.

The project has guaranteed access for anybody to anonymous, free consultation on any problem from a psychologist, the possibility being introduced on the website of Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital. The ways of communication are via e-mail or online/Skype (specialists are available at given hours). During two years approximately 1000 people has appealed concerning a variety of problems (from problems in interpersonal relations to complicated situations that urgently required interventions from mental health specialist). During our work we have discovered that about 25% required direct help from a psychiatrist, we were trying to keep emphatic contact and rapport with them, to give well-timed emotional support, to encourage and motivate to see a specialist eye-to-eye, to help to overcome fear of the first appeal, to dispel myths and attitudes towards psychiatrists, which are still present in our society. About 10% were appealing due to dangerous, troublesome behavior of their closest relatives, friends. They were also extensively informed about possibilities and ways of getting help.

The Internet, simple to use, easy accessible for anonymous services that require low material resources, opens up new possibilities to inform/educate people, to help them overcoming fear of the first help appeal from a specialist, to encourage and motivate search for direct help, to provide with adequate, extensive and well-timed information.

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are a frequently and effectively used treatment in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. Other than First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), which mainly exert their pharmacologic effect in subcortical dopaminergic systems, SGAs additionally affect partly serotonergically innervated structures within prefrontal areas, such as the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). However, only few controlled, randomized studies have so far investigated direct and indirect effects of SGAs on the ACC.

The present study investigated differential effects of one SGA (quetiapine) and one FGA (flupentixol) on the human action monitoring system.

ACC function in 18 quetiapine-medicated patients and 13 flupentixol-treated patients suffering from schizophrenia was assessed by means of the error-related negativity (ERN), a neurophysiological marker of ACC function, in a pre-post design. Results Between-group comparisons revealed different effects of quetiapine and flupentixol on ACC function despite similar improvement in psychopathology, cognitive performance and quality of life. Whereas SGA treatment was associated with an increase in amplitudes over time, there were prolonged ERN peak latencies in patients treated with the FGA. Moreover, treatment effects depended on baseline PFC function in both groups.

We conclude that both flupentixol and quetiapine improve prefrontal function especially in patients with weak initial ACC function which might be due to their shared affinity for 5HT-receptors in frontal brain regions. However, since this affinity is more pronounced for SGAs, patients treated with quetiapine seemed to profit more evidently concerning PFC function compared to patients of the flupentixol group, who exhibited a compensatory prolongation of processes.

After 50 years of international experience and 15 years of use in France, the positive impact of drug replacement treatments on the care of patients with opiates dependence is now well established. Even though there is a vast literature on the two existing treatments (methadone and high-dosage buprenorphine), few works have focused on patients who have changed replacement therapy during follow-up.

The aim of our study was to analyze the follow-up of substituted patients throughout an 11-year period. Patients were characterized by the type of treatment: methadone only, high-dosage buprenorphine only, or both treatments.

These groups of patients were studied depending on their characteristics at the beginning of the treatment (sociodemographic data, addictive behaviours, psychiatric assessment) and in terms of healthcare and follow-up regularity. We also tried to bring to light predictive factors of unstable follow-ups at the point of entry in healthcare.

891 patients were included in our results. Patients having had two substitution treatments initially present with higher severity in terms of socio-professional integration, addictive behaviours and psychiatric comorbidity. Their treatment is more discontinued and they have longer healthcare.

Psychiatric comorbidities and poly-drug use seem to characterize unstable patients who jeopardize our treatments. They have to be identified very early in order to better adjust healthcare. This preliminary work underlines the necessity of carrying out a prospective study integrating better adapted assessment tools.

Several epidemiological studies revealed prevalence-rates of Internet Addiction (IA) - which was currently proposed as an independent disorder for DSM-5 - ranging from 0.5 to 1 per cent. Above all, patients with IA show psychopathological patterns (craving, tolerance, withdrawal, mood modification, relapses) comparable to substance-related disorders. Besides, IA is frequently accompanied by various comorbidities, such as anxiety, depression or personality disorders.

The aim of the present study was to assess typical clinical characteristics and disorder-specific cognitive styles in a subgroup of patients with IA and an underlying Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) in a consecutive sample of over 450 treatment-seekers in an Outpatient Clinic for Internet and Computer game Addiction.

20 patients, who fulfilled both: the diagnostic criteria of IA and a Borderline Personality Disorder were compared with a matched control-group of BPO-patients without psychopathological but extensive Internet use. Both groups were assessed with the FGG (Questionnaire on borderline-specific cognitions and feelings, Renneberg et al., 2004) and further psychological features (e.g. global assessment of functioning (GAF), self-efficacy (SWE) and sensation seeking).

BPO-patients with IA show an increased mean of the total score of the FGG as well as of further clinical measures. The results lead to the assumption, that BPO-patients with IA use more disorder-specific cognitions, show higher mental strains and lower levels of health-related well-being compared to BPO-patients with only an extensive internet use.

Internet addictive behavior in BPO-patients may serve as avoidance behavior in order to subdue the burden of the primary disease.

In the phase 3 programme on nalmefene for reduction of alcohol consumption in alcohol dependent patients, an as-needed dosing regimen was used. Patients were instructed to take one tablet on each day they perceived a risk of drinking alcohol, preferably 1 to 2 hours prior to the anticipated time of drinking. Tablets could be taken up to once daily. As-needed use is a patient-centered approach engaging patients in active and responsible management of their illness. It should be seen as an integral part of disease management, increasing awareness of drinking amount and patterns, facilitating identification of at-risk situations.

Explore the feasibility of as-needed use of nalmefene in alcohol dependence.

The Timeline Follow-back was used to obtain estimates of daily drinking and to record daily medication intake. Pooled data (treated patients: nalmefene=643; placebo=633) from the two randomised controlled 6 month studies (ESENSE 1 [NCT00811720] and ESENSE 2 [NCT00812461]) was used. Adherence was defined as medication intake and alcohol consumption, or no alcohol consumption (with or without medication intake).

Nalmefene was taken on approximately half of the study days; placebo was taken more often than nalmefene. In each treatment group, medication intake varied according to patients’ needs as intake correlated with baseline drinking pattern. 68% of the nalmefene treated patients (78% of the study completers) adhered to the as-needed treatment regimen on at least 80% of the study days.

These results demonstrate that patients understand, accept, and adhered to the as-needed treatment regimen.

Influence of prenatal alcoholization on development of embryo's human brain and process of synaptogenesis and neurotransmission has been studied inadequately. It has been noticed that acute impact of the alcohol reinforces GABAergic transmission and chronic alcoholization increases selectivity of reverse agonists of benzodiazepine receptor (BDR), that indicates presence of relationship between action of ethanol and functioning of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex.

Objective of present investigation appeared to be a study of dynamic of formation and development of synaptic contacts and benzodiazepine receptors of synapses of the embryonic brain at weeks 7-15 of development obtained from healthy women and alcoholic ones.

Investigations with electronic microscope in cells of embryonic brain obtained from women with alcohol addiction have shown slower formation of synaptic structures as compared with the norm. In addition, we revealed increasing of synaptic contacts number during brain development and alteration of properties of benzodiazepine receptors of synaptosomal membranes during embryo development stage that is expressed in decrease of affinity of receptors (decrease of affinity [3H]flunitrazepam binding) and increase of their density with radioreceptors assay. In cells of the embryo brain obtained from women suffering from alcoholism slowing of formation of synaptic structures as compared with norm and transformation of properties of synaptosomal BDR has been found out, what may be a cause of alteration of neuromediator transmission.

Provided data indicate presence of relationship between action of ethanol on formation of synaptic structures and functioning of benzodiazepine receptor in human embryo and fetus brain.

International and Greek literature on Roma psychological features remains exceptionally limited.

This study examined the internal shame on Greek Roma.

Present study evaluated internal shame in a Roma population living in Greece and assess the differentiation of these feelings between Roma men and women.

361 individuals (125 male and 236 female with mean age 33.96 SD=12.77), residents of the general area of Greece, participated in the present study. The measuring tools used were: a) the Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), b) a questionnaire concerning socio-demographic information.

The mean of the internal shame (ESS total) was 39.68 ± 10.67 (men), 49.06 ± 14.20 (women) (p= .000). The mean of the behavioral shame was 18.00 ± 5.61 (men), 20.69 ± 6.12 (women) (p= .000). The analysis of variance between age groups showed that age and Educational level did not affect the internal shame in Greek Roma. Marital status had a significant effect on internal shame of Greek Roma where the application of the Bonferonni criterion found that divorced participants demonstrated a statistical significant difference from those with different marital status (p =.009), the latter had lower levels of internal shame.

Levels of internal shame in the group of Roma women is very high and higher than Roma men and the influence of marital status on the internal shame is important for Greek Roma.

The aim of the survey is to obtain an overview of the trends in the use of herbal smoke mixtures or “Spice” among clients and the specific nature of impairments associated with them.

Data on the use of “Spice” and cannabinoids have been analysed through clinical observations carried out at the Centre for Addiction Medicine and performance results of the Centre for Expertise and Toxicology over 41 months between 2009 and 2012 based on 257 individuals. Diagnosis was based on clinical and laboratory data. New psychoactive substances were identified in urine and blood, and express tests for “spice” were carried out through biochip matrix technology.

In 2012 a fourfold growth of “Spice” users has been noted as compared to 2009; among them 86.8% were 27 years old and younger and 38.7% were minors. Compared to cannabinoid cases, the individuals hospitalised for acute intoxication with “Spice” statistically more frequently (p< 0.05) suffered from fear, anxiety, panic attacks, agitation, whereas frequency of psychotic manifestations and acute schizophrenia symptoms demonstrated by the two groups were similar. Among the “Spice” cases proved through laboratory testing, 66.7% had signs of intoxication with characteristic, but non-specific symptoms of the vegetative nervous system.

Over the past years there has been a significant growth in the consumption of “Spice”.The clinical manifestations of “Spice” are not sufficiently typical for detecting the substance without the use of laboratory tests.Safe identification of substances through the use of specific testing methods is required.

Several studies have demonstrated various neuropsychological dysfunctions in patients with EDs [1]. Among them, cognitive inhibition deficits has been studied. While Eating Disorders (ED) are characterized by difficulties to inhibit feeding behavior, there is no consensus regarding neuropsychological studies about cognitive inhibition deficits [2, 3]. The goal of this study is to examine the contribution of the type of measurement used (self-report questionnaires versus neuropsychological tests) to explain these differences between studies.

Patients (ED) suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN; n=33), bulimia nervosa (BN; n=27) with no psychiatric comorbidity and free of psychotropic medication, and healthy controls (HC; n=xx) with no psychiatric history were assessed using the Hayling Test (neuropsychological test) and BIS-10 (self-report questionnaires).

1. [1] Significant differences in self-report questionnaires (BIS-10) were observed between ED and HC. BN showed more pronounced cognitive inhibition deficits then AN.

2. [2] No significant differences in neuropsychological tests (Hayling Test) were observed between ED and HC.

This study confirms dissociation between measures of self-report questionnaires and neuropsychological tests of cognitive inhibition and impulsivity in people with ED.

Comparative study of the blood lipid spectrum changes in first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone and haloperidol.

68 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (average age 24,9 years) and 20 age-matched normal controls were investigated. All patients had PANSS total score not less than 80 points. The patients were divided in two groups of 34 persons in each group: treated with haloperidol and risperidone. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels were determined in serum before treatment and after 8 weeks of therapy.

Before the treatment TC, LDL, non-HDL, apoB, Lp(a) levels were authentically higher, but HDL level was lower. After treatment with risperidone and haloperidol HDL and apoA1 levels were increased. In patient group treated with risperidone TC, LDL, non-HDL, apoB, Lp(a) levels did not authentically change after 8 weeks. After treatment with haloperidol TC, LDL, non- HDL, apoB, Lp(a) levels were decreased.

Changes of blood lipid spectrum in first-episode schizophrenia patients were discovered. It was established changes of lipid spectrum in patients treated with risperidone and haloperidol. Haloperidol was noticed to positively influence on blood lipid spectrum in first-episode schizophrenia patients.

To explore the associations between depressive symptoms and cognition in patients with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

286 Patients (60.8% females) with SCI (n=96), MCI (n=125), AD (n=65) from a University hospital-based memory clinic were compared in several tests of cognitive performance. Mean (SD) age 67.73 (7.2) and median (range) MMSE score 28 (16-30) and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) score 5 (0-20). The three groups were subdivided into those with and without depression as evaluated by CSDD (≥12). Cognitive functions were assessed in five domains (verbal, visuospatial, short-term memory, episodic memory and executive function) based on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests.

A MANOVA on the five cognitive domains showed that depression vs. no depression differed significantly in the verbal (F (1,167) =4.24, p=.041) and executive (F(1,167)=17.87, p=.0001) domains. There was a significant interaction between diagnostic group, depression and cognitive domains F(2,167)=5.34, p=.006, due to a poorer performance in the executive domain for depressed MCI and AD patient compared with non depressed, but such an association was not found in SCI patients. Other markers of depression (history and current medication) did not change this pattern.

Depression is associated with executive function in MCI and AD patients.

According to the United Nations, women are less likely to use illicit drugs compared with men. This gender gap is poorly understood, possibly because female drug users are underrepresented in research studies and treatment.

We test the hypothesis of gender differences in neural mechanisms mediating addiction.

We aimed to explore gender differences in terms of trait-impulsivity, cognitive function, and brain structure in stimulantdependent individuals.

We re-analysed exiting neuroimaging and behavioural data on stimulant-dependent individuals (n=37; 17 females) and healthy controls (n =40; 20 females), all matched for demographic variables. Male and female substance users were additionally matched for the type, duration and severity of stimulant use. Behavioural measures included substance use variables, impulsivity and depression scores, and measures of visual sustained attention. ANOVAs using planned contrasts, ttests and Chi-square tests were employed to examine group and gender differences.

Consistent with previous studies, stimulant-dependent individuals showed significant, widespread reduction in grey matter volume. Gender differences were observed within both stimulant-dependent individuals and healthy controls in the left parahippocampal gyrus: males showed grey matter reduction in this region relative to females. Stimulant-dependent individuals exhibited higher levels of impulsivity compared with healthy controls, but no gender differences were observed here. Aside from response time on the sustained attention task, there were no further group differences in any of the behavioural measures.

We found evidence for gender differences in brain structure between stimulant-dependent individuals and healthy controls, which can be statistically controlled for by matching for gender.

In our medical service specialized in feeding disorders, we observed a loss of sensorial abilites (i.e., olfactory and taste). Since 2006 we proposed to adolescent anorexic patients different sensorial trainings: somesthesic, auditory and olfactory. In this scope of research, the data suggest a rehabituation to smells and taste linked to food stimuli and enhance the remember of events related to feeding behaviors.

The use of this particular way of care focused on the oral area, lead to observe a diminution of hospitalization duration (30%). We propose an evaluation of the therapeutic impact after 6 months and one year on the basis of a main criteria the Body Mass Index.

We expected that the use of a olfactory food stimulus is associated to higher scores of pleasantness judgment and could participate to an adequate treatment of feeding disorders.

Two groups of patients were submitted to sensorial trainings: somesthesic and auditory vs somesthesic and olfactory. The sensorial trainings are conducted once a week. After 14 weeks several functions are tested (clinical, cognitive and sensorial). Sensorial evaluation consist in several judgment tasks (Liking vs Wanting) about stimuli presented visually or olfactory.

Preliminary results show that olfactory perception enhance the pleasantness judgment of stimuli (e.g., flower or strawberry).

Belonging to a minority often leads to stigmatization and reduction of social power.

The current study assessed the role of external shame on Greek Roma.

The present study aimed at evaluating external shame in a Roma living in Greece and assess the differentiation of these feelings between Roma men and women.

361 individuals (125 male and 236 female with mean age 33.96 SD=12.77), residents of the general area of Greece, participated in the present study. The measures used were: a) the Other As Shamer scale (OAS) b), a questionnaire concerning sociodemographic information.

The mean of the external shame (OAS total) was 24,08±13,71 (men), 31,84±15,15 (women) (p= .000). The mean of the inferior was 10,34±5,90 (men), 13,19±6,45 (women) (p= .000). The mean of the empty was 3,85±3,26 (men), 6,19±3,80 (women) (p= .000) and Mistakes was 8,64±5,28 (men), 10,85±5,17 (women) (p= .000). The analysis of variance showed that age did not affect the external shame in Greek Roma. Marital status and educational level had a significant effect on external shame of Greek Roma where the application of the Bonferonni criterion found that unmarried participants demonstrated a statistical significant difference from those married (p =.000), the latter had higher levels of external shame and illiterate participants demonstrated a statistical significant difference from those primary school graduates (p =.000), the latter had higher levels of external shame.

The role of gender, educational level and marital status are particularly important to increase the external shame to Greek Roma.

One out of four patients with eating disorders drop out of psychotherapeutic treatment. The high rate of dropout calls for ways to improve treatment adherence. Research indicates that continuous feedback to patient and therapist during treatment reduces the number of dropout and increases outcome; however there are only two published randomised trials on the effect of feedback on the treatment of eating disorders showing inconclusive results, and there are no randomised trials on the effect of feedback in group therapy.

We are investigating the impact of continuous feedback on dropout and outcome in group therapy. The hypothesis is that continuous feedback to patient and therapist on treatment progress and alliance will

1. 1) reduce the number of dropouts and

2. 2) increase treatment outcome.

We aim to discover if feedback is a way of improving adherence in group therapy for outpatients with eating disorders.

The trial is set up in a randomised design with 196 outpatients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder or eating disorder not otherwise specified, according to the DSM-IV. They are allocated to

1. a) systemic and narrative group therapy with feedback intervention or

2. b) systemic and narrative group therapy as usual.

In the experimental group, two sets of feedback measures are added to the treatment as usual: the outcome rating scale and the group session rating scale.

If the results will confirm the hypothesis, this trial will support feedback as a way to improve treatment adherence for outpatients with eating disorders.

Synthetic cathinones are becoming increasingly popular and available as legal highs on the internet smartshop. Since July 2012, all synthetic drugs from the cathinones family have been banned and listed as narcotic in France but remain used.

To describe the clinical presentation and alert the health care community about the abuse identification and risk assessment problems of these compounds.

We retrospectively reviewed cases of cathinone derivatives abuse notified to our Parisian centre during a two-year period (2011-2012).

Twenty cases of cathinones abuse were identified. Users were mostly men (19/20), with mean age of 38 years, showing occasional cathinones abuse in sexual gay party (12/20). The synthetic cathinones were most commonly administered by intravenous injection (75%): an increasingly popular practice among Parisian men who have sex with men (MSM). This practice is called “slam”. This is an especially worrisome trend since the prevalence of HIV infection in our cases were 70% (14/20) with frequent co-infection HIV/Hepatitis C (40%). Thirteen cases presented psychiatric disorders: psychotic symptoms (58%), agitation (37%), anxiety (37%), suicidal ideas (28%) or attempt (2/20), acute satyriasis (2/20). Seven patients presented a cathinones dependence with DSM 4 criteria. Two patients had forensic problems. Somatic complications were described in ten cases with various pattern of symptoms as headache or rhabdomyolysis with renal failure.

Cathinones cause fast dependence syndrome with strong craving and prolonged psychiatric symptoms. We discuss the relation between sex and drugs in our sample. Cathinones could have a specific effect on sexual drives.

With a life-time prevalence of about 3.5 percent, Panic disorder (PD) belongs to the most common anxiety disorders which can often chronify if not treated adequately. Characterized by the sudden onset of unexpected panic attacks it is associated with a significant loss of quality of life. As in other anxiety disorders, inadequate top-down regulation of subcortical structures by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is assumed to be a core feature.

Even though fMRI studies could show that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment method that can normalize prefrontal hypoactivity, the onset of its effect is delayed. Moreover, recent neuroscientific studies indicated a beneficial effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), which has been shown to modulate neural activity by depolarization of cortical neurons. The goal of this study was, therefore, to investigate the application of a sham (placebo) controlled activating rTMS protocol during CBT.

Forty PD patients were assessed with the optical imaging method near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS) while performing emotional paradigms as well as a cognitive task before and after receiving 15 sessions of rTMS.

Preliminary results show a significant increase in prefrontal activation from the beginning to the end of the treatment period. This effect was even larger in the active rTMS group.

It can hence be concluded that it is possible to depict the effects of CBT on a neural level after only three weeks. Furthermore, rTMS seems to serve as a useful tool in terms of supporting the general therapy outcome.

It is well recognized that alcohol dependence is among the major risk factors that are associated with suicidal behavior.

This study was design to extend our understanding of alcohol-parasuicide relationship by examining some of the socio-demographic and mental health characteristics of alcohol dependent suicide attempters.

The relationship between alcohol dependence and parasuicide was studied among patients admitted to a Gomel regional psychiatric hospital (Belarus). A total 117 male alcohol dependent in-patients (ADPS) and a comparison group of 128 non-alcohol dependent parasuicidal in-patients (NADPS) were investigated. The socio-demographic and mental health profile of each group was analyzed.

Risk factors for parasuicide were acute alcohol intoxication, social dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms. Results show that, compared with NADPS patients, those with an alcohol dependence were older (32.1 vs. 29.3; p< 0,001), unemployed (46.2% vs. 31.3%; p< 0,001), or with a past history of deliberate self-harm (21.4% vs. 14.1%; p< 0,01). Comorbid psychiatric disorders were presented in 58.1% of ADPS and in 69.2% of NADPS patients. The prevalence of personality disorders (23.4% vs. 17.1%) and schizophrenia (10.9% vs. 6.8%) were higher among NADPS compared with ADPS patients. Consumption of alcohol at the time of the parasuicidal act was reported more commonly by ADPS than by NADPS (70.1% vs. 45.31%; p< 0,001).

These findings are consistent with previous research indicating a causal role for acute alcohol intoxication in parasuicidal behavior among alcohol dependent individuals.