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New knowledge versus consensus – a critical note on their relationship based on the debate concerning the use of barrel-vaults in Macedonian tombs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Konstantinos Chilidis
Konstantinos Chilidis*
Affiliation:
University of Oslo, Norway
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Abstract

The association of Tomb II at Vergina, Greece, with Philip II initiated a debate concerning the use of barrel-vaults in Macedonian tombs. The accepted theory at the time held that, since no Macedonian tomb was dated prior to the last quarter of the 4th century BC, Macedonians copied the barrel-vault from the Persians after the military campaign of Alexander the Great in Asia, and therefore Tomb II should be dated to a later period. After an intense dispute, fresh archaeological evidence proved that this theory was false. This article examines the ways we structure knowledge in archaeology from hypothesis to theory that can develop to consensus, and how later consensus exercises a conservative influence on the production of new knowledge. New evidence that contradicts consensual theories is approached with stronger hostility and is confronted with higher demands of confirmation. I suggest that the same amount of scrutiny should be applied to the established theories, which are not unchangeable representations of reality, but conventionally shared property of archaeologists.

L'association de la Tombe II de Vergina (Grèce) avec Philippe II a initié un débat concernant l'usage de voûtes en berceau dans les tombes macédoniennes. La théorie reconnue à l'époque fut que, en présumant qu'aucune tombe macédonienne ne datait plus tôt que le dernier quart du 4e siècle av. JC, les Macédoniens avaient copié la voûte en berceau des Perses après la campagne militaire d'Alexandre le Grand en Asie, et que pour cette raison Tombe II devait dater d'une période ultérieure. Après une controverse intense, de nouvelles preuves archéologiques ont montré que cette théorie était erronée. Nous examinons dans cet article comment, en archéologie, nous structurons les connaissances en partant d'hypothèses pour arriver à une théorie qui peut aboutir à un consensus, et comment plus tard ce consensus exerce une influence conservatrice sur la génération de nouvelles connaissances. Les nouvelles évidences qui contredisent les théories consensuelles sont abordées avec plus d'hostilité et confrontées avec des demandes de confirmation plus intenses. Je propose d'appliquer le même examen aux théories établies, car elles ne sont pas des représentations inchangeables de la réalité, mais un bien conventionnellement partagé par les archéologues.

Zusammenfassung

Zusammenfassung

Die Verknüpfung von Grab II in Vergina (Griechenland) mit Philip II entfachte eine Debatte über die Nutzung von Tonnengewölben in makedonischen Gräbern. Die bislang akzeptierte Theorie besagt, dass – da kein makedonisches Grab vor das letzte Viertel des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. datiert wurde – die Makedonier nach der Militärkampagne Alexanders des Großen Tonnengewölbe von den Persern kopiert hätten und daher Grab II einem späteren Zeitpunkt zugewiesen werden sollte. Nach intensivem Disput konnte diese Theorie durch aktuelle archäologische Daten widerlegt werden. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Art und Weise, mit der wir archäologisches Wissen von der Hypothese zu einer Theorie, die einen Konsens erbringen kann, strukturieren und wie nachfolgend dieser Konsens einen konservativen Einfluss auf die Erarbeitung neuen Wissens ausübt. Neuen Hinweisen, die anerkannten Theorien widersprechen, wird mit stärkerer Ablehnung begegnet, und sie werden mit höheren Ansprüchen auf einen Nachweis belegt. Verf. schlägt vor, dass das gleiche Maß an inhaltlicher Überprüfung auch für etablierte Theorien angewendet werden sollte, die keineswegs unveränderliche Abbilder der Realität, sondern auf konventionellem Wege geteiltes Gedankengut der Archäologen sind.

Keywords

barrel-vaultconsensusknowledgeMacedoniapeer reviewVerginavoûte en berceauconsensusconnaissancesMacédonieévaluation critique des pairsVerginaTonnengewölbeKonsens, WissenMakedonienPeer reviewVergina
Type
Articles
Information
European Journal of Archaeology , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , 2007 , pp. 75 - 103
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Sage Publications 

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