Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T13:48:12.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nocardia in naturally acquired and experimental infections in animals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2009

B. L. Beaman  and
A. M. Sugar
B. L. Beaman
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
A. M. Sugar
Affiliation:
University Hospital E529, Section of Infectious Diseases, 75 East Newton Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

There are three commonly recognized species of Nocardia that cause disease in a large variety of animals including humans. In the United States, pulmonary or systemic nocardiosis in humans caused by N. asteroides is most frequently diagnosed. It should be noted that N. brasiliensis can cause nocardiosis also. In Central and South America mycetomas induced by N. brasiliensis appear to be more prevalent even though N. asteroides can be seen in this type of infection. Sporadic cases of both mycetoma and nocardiosis caused by N. caviae have been reported. These three species of Nocardia appear to be present in the soils of most countries; but N. asteroides is more frequently isolated in the temperate climates whereas N. brasiliensis predominates in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. No specific geographic distribution has been noted with N. caviae. Infections involving these three species of bacteria are, therefore, worldwide in occurrence. Even though nocardial infections in both humans and animals were recognized as early as 1888, traditionally, they have been considered rare in frequency as compared to many other infectious diseases. This is a perception that probably is not accurate. During the past twenty years, greater diagnostic awareness combined with more intensive medical and veterinary surveillance have resulted in significantly increased recognition of disease caused by these aerobic actinomycetes.

Type
Special Feature: Edmond-Isadore-Etienne Nocard
Information
Journal of Hygiene , Volume 91 , Issue 3 , December 1983 , pp. 393 - 419
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

References

REFERENCES

Adams, J. (1966). Studies on the fragmentation of Nocardia erythropolis in liquid medium. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 12, 433–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajello, L., Walker, W. W., Dungworth, D. L. & Brumfield, G. L. (1961). Isolation of Nocardia brasiliensis from a cat with a review of its prevalence and geographic distribution. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 138, 370–376.Google ScholarPubMed
Akun, R. S. (1952). Nokardiosis bei zwei Katzen in der Turkei. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 59, 202–204.Google Scholar
Al-Doory, Y., Pinkerton, M. E., Vice, T. E. & Hutchinson, V. (1960). Pulmonary nocardiosis in a vervet monkey. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 155, 1179–1180.Google Scholar
Anderson, K. L. & Wilcke, J. R. (1980). Potentiated sulfonamides in the treatment of bovine pulmonary nocardiosis. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapy 3, 217–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argente, G., Jullo, A., Lemoine, H., Le Menec, M., Le Menec, Y., Lagadic, M. A. & Lorant, J. M. (1983). Mammite à Nocardia chez la voche enquête et description de la maladie à propos de 11 troupeaux infectes. Le Point Vétérinaire 14, 7–12.Google Scholar
Armstrong, P. J. 1980. Nocardial pleuritis in a cat. Canadian Veterinary Journal 21, 189–191.Google ScholarPubMed
Asselineau, J., Laneelle, M. A. & Chamoiseau, G. (1960). De l'étiologie du farcin de zebus tchadiens: nocardiose ou mycobacteroise? II. Composition lipidique. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 22, 205–209.Google Scholar
Awad, F. I. & Obeid, H. M. (1962). Further studies on canine nocardiosis in the Sudan with particular reference to chemotherapy. Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin 9, 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayers, K. M., Garner, F. M. & Griner, L. A. (1971). Disseminated nocardiosis in a north African antelope. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 159, 611–613.Google Scholar
Bach, M. C., Gold, O. & Finland, M. (1973). Activity of minocycline against Nocardia asteroides: comparison with tetracycline in agar-dilution and standard disc-diffusion tests and with sulfadiozine in an experimental infection in mice. Journal of laboratory and Clinical Medicine 81, 787–793.Google Scholar
Bakerspigel, A. (1973). An unusual strain of Nocardia isolated from an infected cat. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 19, 1361–1365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balozet, L. & Pernot, P. (1936). Méningite du chien causée par un Actinomyces. Bulletin d'Académie Vétérinaire de France 9, 168–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, M. & Gupta, P. P. (1979). A note on pulmonary actinomycosis and nocardioais in goats of Punjab (Ludhiana area). Indian Journal of Animal Science 49, 972–975.Google Scholar
Barbesier, J. (1960). Sur rêne souche de Nocardia du lait d'une voche atteinte de mammite. Archives Institut Pasteur d'Algérie 38, 222–230.Google Scholar
Barnum, D. A. & Fuller, D. S. (1956). A report on the isolation of two species of Nocardia from bovine mastitis. Annals of the New England Mastitis Council, Saint Hyancinthe, Quebec, Canada.Google Scholar
Beadles, T. A., Land, G. A. & Knezek, D. J. (1980). An ultrastructural comparison of the cell envelope of selected strains of Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis. Mycopathologia 70, 25–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. (1973). An ultrastructural analysis of Nocardia during experimental infections in mice. Infection and Immunity 8, 828–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. (1975). Structural and biochemical alterations of Nocardia asteroides cell walls during its growth cycle. Journal of Bacteriology 123, 1235–1253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. (1976). Possible mechanisms of nocardial pathogenesis. In Biology of the Nocardiae (ed. Goodfellow, M., Brownell, G. H. and Serrano, J. A.), pp. 386–417. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Beaman, B. L. (1977). The in vitro respone of rabbit alveolar macrophages to infection with Nocardia asteroides. Infection and Immunity 15, 925–937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaman, B. L. (1979). Interaction of Nocardia asteroides at different phases of growth with in vitro-maintained macrophages obtained from the lungs of normal and immunized rabbits. Infection and Immunity 26, 355–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. (1980). The induction of L-phase variants of Nocardia caviae within the intact murine lung. Infection and Immunity 29, 244–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaman, B. L. (1981 a). Mechanisms of pathogenesis and host resistance to the Actinomycetes. In Actinomycetes (ed. Schaal, K. P. and Pulverer, G.). Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene (I. Abteilung), Supplement 11, pp. 209–220.Google Scholar
Beaman, B. L. (1981 b). The possible role of L-phase variants of Nocardia in chronic infections. In Actinomycetes (ed. Schaal, K. P. and Pulverer, G.). Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene (I. Abteilung), Supplement 11, pp. 221–227.Google Scholar
Beaman, B. L. (1982). Nocardiosis: role of the cell wall-deficient state of Nocardia. In Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria: Basic Principles and Clinical Significance (ed. Domingue, G. J.), pp. 231–255. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Beaman, B. L. & Bourgeois, A. L. (1981). Variations in properties of Nocardia asteroides resulting from growth in the cell wall-deficient state. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 14. 574–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Bourgeois, A. L. & Moring, S. E. (1981). Cell wall modification resulting from in vitro induction of L-phase variants of Nocardia asteroides. Journal of Bacteriology 148, 500–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Burnside, J., Edwards, B. & Causey, W. (1976). Nocardial infections in the United States, 1972–1974. Journal of Infectious Diseases 134, 286–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Gershwin, M. E., Ahmed, A., Scates, S. M. & Deem, R. (1982). Response of CBA/N × DBA2/F mice to Nocardia asteroides. Infection and Immunity 35, 111–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaman, B. L., Gershwin, M. E. & Maslan, S. (1978 a). Infectious agents in immunodeficient murine models: pathogenicity of Nocardia asteroides in congenitally athymic (nude) and hereditarily asplenic (Dh/ + ) mice. Infection and Immunity 20, 381–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Gershwin, M. E., Scates, S. M. & Ohsugi, Y. (1980 a). The immunobiology of germfree mice infected with Nocardia asteroides. Infection and Immunity 29, 733–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Goldstein, E., Gershwin, M. E., Maslan, S. & Lippert, W. (1978 b). Lung response of congenitally athymic (nude), heterozygous, and Swiss Webster mice to aerogenic and intranasal infection by Nocardia asteroides. Infection and Immunity 22, 867–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. & Maslan, S. (1977). The effect of cyclophosphamide on experimental Nocardia asteroides infection in mice. Infection and Immunity 16. 995–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. & Maslan, S. (1978). Virulence of Nocardia asteroides during its growth cycle. Infection and Immunity 20, 290–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L.Maslan, S., Scates, S. & Rosen, J. (1980 b). The effect of route of inoculation on host resistance to Nocardia. Injection and Immunity 28, 185–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. & Scates, S. M. (1981). Role of L-forms of Nocardia caviae in the development of chronic mycetomas in normal and immunodeficient murine models. Infection and Immunity 33, 893–907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Scates, S. M., Moring, S. E., Deem, R. & Misra, H. P. (1983). Purification and properties of a unique superoxide dismutase from Nocardia asteroides. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258, 91–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L., Serrang, J. A. & Serrang, A. A. (1978 c). Comparative ultrastructure within the nocardia. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Supplement 6, pp. 201–220.Google Scholar
Beaman, B. L. & Shankel, D. M. (1969). Ultrastructure of Nocardia cell growth and development on defined and complex agar media. Journal of Bacteriology 99, 876–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaman, B. L. & Smathers, M. (1976). Interaction of Nocardia asteroides with cultured rabbit alveolar macrophages. Infection and Immunity 13, 1126–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, C. M., Beaman, B. L., Donovan, R. M. & Goldstein, E. (1983). Effect of virulent and less virulent strains of Nocardia asteroides on acid-phosphatase activity in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages maintained in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases 148, 117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blake, W. P. (1954). A report of two canine cases of nocardiosis in Missouri. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 125, 467–468.Google ScholarPubMed
Bohl, E. H., Jones, D. O., Farrell, R. L., Chamberlain, D. M., Cole, C. R. & Ferguson, L. C. (1953). Nocardiosis in the dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 122, 81–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Boncyk, L. H., McCullough, B., Grotts, D. D. & Kalter, S. S. (1975). Localized nocardiosis due to Nocardia caviae in a baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Laboratory Animal Science 25, 88–91.Google Scholar
Boswell, H. S., Scher, I., Nerenberg, M. I. & Singer, A. (1980). The immune defect of CBA/N mice arises from the inability of CBA/N cells to respond to activation signals from antigen presenting macrophages. Federation Proceedings 39, 807.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, L. & Beaman, B. L. (1974). Probable L-forms of Nocardia asteroides induced in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Infection and Immunity 9, 576–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourgeois, L. & Beaman, B. L. (1976). In vitro spheroplast and L-form induction within the pathogenic nocardiae. Journal of Bacteriology 127, 584–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodey, R. S., Cole, E. J. & Sauer, R. M. (1955). Nocardial mycetoma in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 127, 433–434.Google Scholar
Buchanan, A. M., Beaman, B. L., Pederson, N. C., Anderson, M. & Scott, J. L. (1983). Recovery of Nocardia asteroides from a dog with steroid and antibiotic unresponsive idiopathic polyarthritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18, 702–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bushnell, R. B., Pier, A. C., Fichtner, K. E., Beaman, B. L., Boos, H. A. & Salmon, M. D. (1979). Clinical and diagnostic aspects of herd problems with nocardial and mycobacterial mastitis. American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 22, 1–12.Google Scholar
Campbell, B. & Scott, D. W. (1975). Successful management of nocardial emphyema in a dog and cat. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 11, 769–773.Google Scholar
Campbell, G. & MacKelvie, R. M. (1968). Infection of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) by nocardiae. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25, 423–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carol-Dimitriu, E. & Elias, E. (1976). Detection of nocardiosis in a dog in Romania. Proceedings of the 20th World Veterinary Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece 2, 1728–1750.Google Scholar
Chalmers, A. J. & Christopherson, J. B. (1916/1917). A Sudanese actinomycosis. Annals of Tropical Medicine 10, 223–282.Google Scholar
Chamoiseau, G. (1974). Mycobacterium farcinogenes, agent causal du farcin du boeuf en Afrique. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinarie des Pays Tropicaux 27, 61–65.Google Scholar
Cole, J. R. & Holzinger, E. A. (1972). Nocardia asteroides associated with swine abortion. Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician 67, 496–498.Google ScholarPubMed
Conde, C., Mancilla, R., Fresan, M. & Ortiz-Ortiz, L. (1983). Immunoglobulin and complement in tissues of mice infected with Nocardia brasiliensis. Infection and Immunity 40, 1218–1222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conde, C., Melendro, E. I., Fresan, M. & Ortiz-Ortiz, L. (1982). Nocardia brasiliensis: mycetoma induction and growth cycle. Infection and Immunity 38, 1291–1295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Confer, A. W., Cox, H. U., Kleinpeter, C. C., MacWilliams, P. S. & Hawk, W. C. (1981). Disseminated nocardiosis in an Arabian foal. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 179, 481–484.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. E. (1973). Post-mortem findings in east African birds of prey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 9, 368–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, C. N. M., Correa, W. M., Gottschalk, A. F. & Moreno, G. (1973). Nocardia asteroides infection in a dog. Arquivos do Instituto Biologico (São Paulo) 40, 79–83.Google Scholar
Cross, R. F., Nagao, W. J. & Morrison, R. H. (1953). Canine nocardiosis – a report of two cases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 123, 535–536.Google ScholarPubMed
Dafalla, E. N. & Gharib, H. M. (1958). A study of mastitis in a goat caused by Nocardia asteroides. British Veterinary Journal 114, 143–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis-Scibienski, C. & Beaman, B. L. (1980 a). The interaction of Nocardia asteroides with rabbit alveolar macrophages: the association of virulence, viability, ultrastructural damage and phagosome lysosome fusion. Infection and Immunity 28, 610–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis-Scibienski, C. & Beaman, B. L. (1980 b). The interaction of Nocardia asteroides with rabbit alveolar macrophages: the effect of phase of growth and viability on phagosome–lysosome fusion. Infection and Immunity 29, 24–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis-Scibienski, C. & Beaman, B. L. (1980 c). Interaction of aveolar macrophages with Nocardia asteroides: immunologic enhancement of phagocytosis, phagosome–lysosome fusion and microbicidal activity. Infection and Immunity 30, 578–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deem, R. L., Beaman, R. M. & Gershwin, M. E. (1982). Adoptive transfer of immunity to Nocardia asteroides in nude mice. Infection and Immunity 38, 914–920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deem, R., Doughty, F. & Beaman, B. L. (1983). Immunologically specific, direct T-lymphocyte mediated killing of Nocardia asteroides. Journal of Immunology 130, 2401–2406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deem, D. A. & Harrington, D. D. (1980). Nocardia brasiliensis in a horse with pneumonia and pleuritis. Cornell Veterinarian 70, 321–328.Google Scholar
Destombes, P., Mariat, F., Nazimoff, O. & Satre, J. (1961). A propos des mycetomas a Nocardia. Sabouraudia 1, 161–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Young, J. & Imhoff, R. K. (1980). Nocardiosis in the dog (a clinical case report). Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician 75, 1879–1885.Google ScholarPubMed
Dipersio, J. R. & Deal, , (1974). Identification of intracellular polysaccharide granules in thin sections of Nocardia asteroides. Journal of General Microbiology 83, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ditchfield, J., Butas, C. A. & Julian, R. J. (1959). Mastitis due to Nocardia brasiliensis. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 23, 93–96.Google Scholar
Dong, Z. P., Xiu, Y. Z., Lu, Z. P., Huang, M. Y. & Sun, P. S. (1982). Nocardiosis in deer: report of a case. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8, 26–27.Google Scholar
Drake, C. H. & Henrici, A. T. (1943). Nocardia asteroides. Its pathogenicity and allergic properties. American Review of Tuberculosis 48, 184–198.Google Scholar
Eales, J. D., Leaver, D. D., Swan, J. & Wellington, N. A. M. (1964). Bovine mastitis caused by Nocardia. Australian Veterinary Journal 40, 321–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, E., Shopet, R. & Blaustein, J. (1980). Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from the lymph nodes of a dog. Refuah Veterinarith 37, 136–144.Google Scholar
Ellwood, D. C. (1973). Pulmonary nocardiosis in a goat in Malawi. British Veterinary Journal 129, iv–vii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Sanousi, S. M., Salih, M. A. M., Mousa, M. T., Tag El Din, M. H. & Ali, S. A. M. (1979). Further studies on the properties of the aetiology of bovine farcy isolated from Sudanese cattle. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinarie des Pays Tropicaux 32, 135–141.Google ScholarPubMed
Farshtchi, D. & McClung, N. M. (1967). Fine structure of Nocardia asteroides grown in a chemically defined medium. Journal of Bacteriology. 94, 255–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawi, M. F. (1964). Complement fixing antibodies in nocardiosis with special reference to dogs. Sabourarudia 3, 303–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fawi, M. T., Tag El Din, M. H. & El Sanousi, S. M. (1971). Canine distempter as a predisposing factor for Nocardia asteroides infection in the dog. Veterinary Record 88, 326–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fidler, J. M., Morgan, E. L. & Weigle, W. O. (1980). B-lymphocyte differentiation in the CBA/N mouse: A delay in maturation rather than total arrest. Journal of Immunology 124, 13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filice, G. A., Beaman, B. L., Krick, J. A. & Remington, J. S. (1980). Effects of human neutrophils and monocytes on Nocardia asteroides: failure of killing despite occurrence of the oxidativc metabolic burst. Journal of Infectious Diseases 142, 432–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filige, G. A., Beaman, B. L. & Remington, J. S. (1980). Effects of activated macrophages on Nocardia asteroides. Infection and Immunity 27, 643–649.Google Scholar
Fletcher, M. P., Ikeda, R. M. & Gershwin, M. E. (1977). Splenic influence of T-cell function: The immunobiology of the inbred hereditarily asplenic mouse. Journal of Immunology 119, 110–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folb, P. I., Horowitz, A. & Greenwald, M. (1977 a). Amyloidosis developing in experimental nocardia infections. British Journal of Experimental Pathology 58, 130–132.Google ScholarPubMed
Folb, P. I., Jaffe, R. & Altman, G. (1976). Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis infections in mice. Infection and Immunity 13, 1490–1496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folb, P. I., Timme, A. & Horowitz, A. (1977 b). Nocardia infections in congenitally athymic (nude) mice and other inbred mouse strains. Infection and Immunity 18, 459–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, A. J. (1959). A review of canine and feline nocardiosis with the report of a case. Australian Veterinary Journal 35, 22–25.Google Scholar
Fuchs, H. W. & Boretius, J. (1972). Pathology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of bovine mastitis caused by Nocardia asteroides. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 26, 683–700.Google Scholar
George, L. K., Brown, J. M., Baker, J. M. & Cassell, G. H. (1972). Actinomyces viscosus as an agent of Actinomycosis in the dog. American Journal of Veterinary Research 33, 1457–1470.Google Scholar
Gezuelle, E. (1972). Fatal infection by Nocardia brasiliensis in an armadillo. Sabouraudia 10, 63–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghittino, P. (1972). Aquaculture and associated diseases of fish of public health importance. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 161, 1476–1485.Google ScholarPubMed
Ginsberg, A. & Little, A. C. W. (1948). Actinomycosis in dogs. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 60, 563–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A. (1962). Mycetomas caused by Nocardia brasiliensis: with a note on the isolation of the causative organism from the soil. Laboratory Investigation 11, 1118–1123.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A. (1973). Virulence of nocardiae. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 19, 901–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A. & Sandoval-Cuellar, A. (1976). Different degrees of morbidity in white mice induced by Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia caviae. Sabouraudia 14, 255–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, R. E. (1981). A proposed new status for Nocardia asteroides. In Actinomycetes (ed. Schaal, K. P. and Pulverer, G.). Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie and Hygiene (I. Abteilung), Supplement II, pp. 3–6.Google Scholar
Gottschalk, A. F. (1971). Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from swine. Arguivos do Instituto Biologico (São Paulo) 38, 167–169.Google ScholarPubMed
Grain, E., Ackerman, N. & Castleman, W. (1978). Disseminated nocardiosis in a dog. California Veterinarian 32, 9–11.Google Scholar
Gray, J. D. (1935). Anaerobic acid-fast actinomyces in cow's milk due to an udder infection. Journal of Dairy Research 6, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumoa, S. A. & Abu-Samra, M. T. (1981). Experimental mycetoma infection in the goat. Journal of Comparative Pathology 91, 341–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumoa, S. A., Mohamed, F. H. A., Mahgoub, E. S., Adam, S. E. I., El Hassan, A. M. & Imbafi, S. F. (1978). Mycetomas in goats. Sabouraudia 16, 217–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herin, V. (1969). Sur un cas de nocardiose canine generalisée. Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire 113, 315–319.Google Scholar
Heuschmann-Brunner, G. (1965). Nocardiose bei Fischen des Susswassers und des Meeres. Berliner und Münchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 78, 94–95.Google Scholar
Heuschmann-Brunner, G. (1966). Nocardia-infektion bei Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri). Berliner und Müchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 79, 96–97.Google Scholar
Hillermark, K. (1960). Nocardia asteroides als ursache boviner mastitis. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 1, 281–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyer, P. K. R. & Rao, P. P. (1971). Suspected pulmonary nocardiosis in a duck. Sabouraudia 9, 79–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iyer, P. K. R., Rao, P. P.Acharjyo, L. N., Sahu, S. & Mishra, S. K. (1972). Systemic nocardiosis in a hill mynah (Gracula religiosa) – a pathological study. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 48, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasmin, A. M., Powell, C. P. & Baucom, J. N. (1972). Actinomycotic mycetoma in the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) due to Nocardia paraguayensis. Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician 67, 542–543.Google Scholar
Johnston, K. G. (1956). Systemic nocardiosis in the dog. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 71, 7–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, L. A. Y. & Connole, M. D. (1962). A case of bovine mastitis. Australian Veterinary Journal 38, 462–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonas, A. M. & Wyand, D. S. (1966). Pulmonary nocardiosis in the Rhesus monkey. Pathologia Veterinaria 3, 588–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, B. R., Harvey, S. L., Wyburn, R. S. & Marshall, R. B. (1975). Successful treatment of suspected thoracic nocardiosis in a dog. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 23, 212–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kappes, H. (1973). Nocardia infection in the dog. Description of a successfully treated case. Kleintier-Prazus 18, 227–230.Google Scholar
Kessler, M. J. & Brown, R. J. (1981). Mycetomas in a squirrel monkey. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 12, 91–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kikopa, K. & Bergmann, A. (1975). Nocardiose-Abort beim Rind. Monatschrift für Veterinarmedizin 30, 99–102.Google Scholar
Kinbara, T. (1968). Fine structure of Nocardia asteroides: an electron microscopic study. Japanese Journal of Dermatology 78, 475–477.Google Scholar
Kinch, D. A. (1968). A rapidly fatal infection caused by Nocardia caviae in a dog. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 95, 540–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkbride, C. A. & McAdaragh, J. P. (1978). Infectious agents associated with fetal and early neonatal death and abortion in swine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 172, 480–483.Google ScholarPubMed
Koehne, G. (1972). Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from a pig. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 46, 317–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koehne, G. & Giles, R. C. (1981). Nocardia asteroides abortion in swine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 179, 478–479.Google ScholarPubMed
Krick, J. A. & Remington, J. S. (1975). Resistance to infection with Nocardia asteroides. Journal of Infectious Diseases 131, 665–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krick, J. A., Stinson, E. B. & Remington, J. S. (1975). Nocardia infection in heart transplant patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 82, 18–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubota, S. S., Kariya, T., Nakamura, Y. & Kira, K. (1968). Nocardial infection in cultured yellowtails (Seriola quinquerodiata and S. purpurescens). II. Histological study. Fish Pathology (Tokyo) 3, 24–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulikowska, H. (1930). Ein pilz der gruppe ‘Trickomycetes’ in einen falle von lungenmykose. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 117, 90–98.Google Scholar
Kurup, P. V., Randhawa, H. S., Sandu, R. S. & Abraham, S. (1970). Pathogenicity of Nocardia caviae, N. asteroides and N. brasiliensis. Mycopathologica y Mycologica Applicata 40, 113–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurup, P. V. & Sandhu, R. S. (1965). Isolation of Nocardia caviae from soil and its pathogenicity for laboratory animals. Journal of Bacteriology 90, 822–823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuttin, E. S., Feldman, M., Perl, S., Klopker, U., Nyska, A. & Nohel, T. A. (1980). Canine nocardiosis in Israel. Refuah Veteinarith 37, 15–23.Google Scholar
Langham, R. F., Schimer, R. G. & Newman, J. P. (1959). Nocardiosis in the dog and cat. Michigan State University Veterinarian 19, 102–107, 119.Google Scholar
Lechevalier, H. A. (1977). Report on the cooperative study of the generic assignment of strains labeled Nocardia farcinica. Actinomycetes 12, 8–16.Google Scholar
Lindner, K. E. (1973). Survival of Nocardia in environment (cattle, mastitis). Archiv für Experimented Veterinarmedizin 27, 139–143.Google Scholar
Lizzio, B. B. & Wargon, L. B. (1974). Immune competence of hereditarily asplenic mice. Immunology 27, 167–171.Google Scholar
Loupal, V. G., Schonbauer, M. & Schonbauer-Langle, A. (1982). Nocardiose bei einem Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes) und einem kleinen Mungo (Herpestes javanica). Berliner und Münchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 95, 312–315.Google ScholarPubMed
MacCallum, W. G. (1902). On the life history of Actinomyces asteroides. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasiterkunde (I. Original) 31, 528–547.Google Scholar
McClure, H. M., Chang, J., Kaplan, W. & Brown, J. M. (1976). Pulmonary nocardiosis in an orangutan. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 169, 943–945.Google Scholar
McGaughey, C. A. (1952). Actinomycosis in carnivores: a review of the literature. British Veterinary Journal 108, 89–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, S. A.. Brightman, A. H., Helper, L. C., Manning, J. P. & Tomes, J. E. (1983). Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with extraocular disease in the horse. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 182, 241–242.Google ScholarPubMed
Macotella-Ruiz, E. & Mariat, F. (1963). Sur la production do mycetoma experimentaux par Nocardia brasiliensis et Nocardia asteroides. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 56, 40–54.Google Scholar
Maddy, K. T., Stroud, M. E. & Ajello, L. (1955). Nocardiosis in the dog: a case report. Veterinary Medicine 50, 414–415.Google Scholar
Mahajan, V. M., Padhy, S. C., Dayal, Y., Bhatia, I. M. & Ratnakar, K. S. (1977). Experimental pulmonary nocardiosis in monkeys. Sabouraudia 15, 47–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manktelow, B. W. & Russell, R. R. (1965). Nocardiosis in dogs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 13, 55–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansi, W. (1952). Actinomycosis in the dog. British Veterinary Journal 108, 14–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, K. N. & Hathaway, B. M. (1969). A study of Nocardia asteroides: white mice used as test animals. Archives of Pathology 87, 389–392.Google ScholarPubMed
Mazzoni, A. & Morganti, L. (1971). La nocardiosi dell'uomo e degli animali in Italia. Giornale di Malattie Infeltive e Parassitarie 23, 242–252.Google Scholar
Melendro, E. I., Contreras, M. F., Ximenez, C., Garcia-Maynes, A. M. & Ortiz-Ortiz, L. (1978). Changes in host resistance caused by Nocardia brasiliensis in mice: cross-protection against Listeria monocytogenes. International Archives for Allergy and Applied Immunology 57, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mishha, S. K., Sandhu, R. S., Randhawa, H. S., Damodaran, V. N. & Abraham, S. (1973). Effect of cortisone administration on experimental nocardiosis. Infection and Immunity 7, 123–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitten, R. W. (1974). Vertebral osteomyelitis in the dog due to Nocardia-like organisms. Journal of Small Animal Practice 15, 563–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohapatra, L. N. & Pine, L. (1963). Studies on the pathogenicity of aerobic actinomycetes inoculated into mice intravenously. Sabouraudia 2, 176–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monga, D. P., Kapur, M. P. & Dixit, S. N. (1978). Bovine abortion caused by Nocardia asteroides. Mykosen 21, 152–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreyra, H., Martinez, P. P. & Villamar, V. M. (1980). Mastitis bovina por Nocardia asteroides. Primer reporte en el Peru. Zentrablatt für Veterinarmedizin B 27, 22–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Moss, L. C. (1956). Nocardiosis (actinomycosis) in the dog: a report of six cases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 128, 143–148.Google ScholarPubMed
Mostafa, I. E. (1967 a). Studies of bovine farcy in the Sudan. I. Pathology of the disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 77, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mostafa, I. E. (1967 b). Studies of bovine farcy in the Sudan. II. Mycology of the disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 77, 231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mostafa, I. E., Cerny, L. & Cerna, J. (1968). Canine nocardiosis due to Nocardia caviae. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 21, 181–189.Google ScholarPubMed
Mugarula, D. R. & Mchomba, O. K. (1980). Bovine abortion due to Nocardia asteroides: a first case report in Tabora. Bulletin of Animal Health Products (Africa) 28, 195–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Munch-Petersen, E. (1954). Actinomyces (Nocardia) sp. from a bovine udder infection. Australian Veterinary Journal 30, 297–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakayama, H. (1996). Impfversuchemit Aktinomyces asteroides Eppinger an Meerschweinchen-zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage der Überempfindlichkeit. Archivfür Hygiene 58, 207–212.Google Scholar
Nocard, E. (1888). Note sur la maladie des boeufs de la Gouadeloupo connue sous le nom de farcin. Annales Institute Pasteur (Paris) 2, 293–302.Google Scholar
Norton, J. H. (1976). Tuberculosis-like granulomas in cattle caused by actinomycetes. Australian Veterinary Journal 52, 455–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orchard, V. A. (1979). Nocardial infections of animals in New Zealand, 1976–1978. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 27, 159–160, 165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz-Ortiz, L., Parks, D. E., Lopez, J. S. & Weigle, W. O. (1979). B-lymphocyte activation with an extract of Nocardia brasiliensis. Infection and Immunity 25, 627–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otcenasek, V. M., Veselsky, M. & Dvorak, J. (1971). Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger) Blanchard als Erreger einer Systemerkrankung beim Hund. Berliner und Münchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 84, 70–72.Google Scholar
Otcenasek, M. & Vitovec, J. (1982). Multiple myeloma in goat lungs. Mykosen 25, 90–98.Google Scholar
Overgoor, G. H. A. & Van Haaften, J. A. (1965). Abortus bij het rund door Nocardia asteroides. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 90, 150–154.Google Scholar
Perpezat, A., Destombes, P. & Mariat, F. (1967). Etude histopathologique de la nocardiose du boeuf au Tchad et caracteres biochimiques de Nocardia farcinica. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Veterinarie des Pays Tropicaux 20, 429–435.Google Scholar
Pier, A. C. (1962). Nocardiosis of animals. Proceedings of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association 66, 409–416.Google Scholar
Pier, A. C. & Enright, J. B. (1962). Nocardia asteroides as a mammary pathogen of cattle. III. Immunologic reactions of infected animals. American Journal of Veterinary Research 23, 284–292.Google ScholarPubMed
Pier, A. C. & Fichtner, R. E. (1981). Distribution of serotypes of Nocardia asteroides from animal, human and environmental sources. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 13, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pier, A. C., Gray, D. M. & Fossatti, M. J. (1958). Nocardia asteroides – a newly recognized pathogen of the mastitis complex. American Journal of Veterinary Research 19, 319–331.Google ScholarPubMed
Pier, A. C., Mejia, M. J. & Willers, E. H. (1961). Nocardia asteroides as a mammary pathogen of cattle. I. The disease in cattle and the comparative virulence of 5 isolates. American Journal of Veterinary Research 22, 502–517.Google ScholarPubMed
Pier, A. C., Takayama, A. K. & Miyahara, A. Y. (1970). Cetacean nocardiosis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6, 112–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pier, A. C., Thurston, J. R. & Larsen, A. B. (1968). A diagnostic antigen for nocardiosis: comparative tests in cattle with nocardiosis and mycobacteriosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 29, 397–403.Google Scholar
Pier, A. C., Willers, E. H. & Mejia, M. J. (1961). Nocardia asteroides as a mammary pathogen of cattle. II. The sources of nocardial infection and experimental reproduction of the disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 22, 698–703.Google ScholarPubMed
Pritchard, H. & Micklem, H. S. (1974). The nude (Nu/Nu) mouse as a model of thymus and T-lymphocyte deficiency. Proceedings First International Workshop of Nude Mice, pp. 127–139. Stuttgart: Gustav Fisher Verlag.Google Scholar
Rhoades, H. E., Reynolds, H. A., Rahn, D. P. & Small, E. (1963). Nocardiosis in a dog with multiple lesions of the central nervous system. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 142, 278–281.Google Scholar
Rico, G., Ochga, R., Oliva, A., Gonzalez-Mendoza, A., Walker, S. M. & Ortiz-Ortiz, L. (1982). Enhanced resistance to Nocardia brasiliensis infection in mice depleted of antigen specific B-cells. Journal of Immunology 129, 1688–1693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rydell, M. & Goodfellow, M. (1983). Numerical classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa. Journal of General Microbiology 129, 599–611.Google Scholar
Runyon, E. H. (1951). Nocardia asteroides: studies of its pathogenicity and drug sensitivities. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 37, 713–720.Google ScholarPubMed
Salih, M. A. M., El Sanousi, S. M. & Tag El Din, H. M. (1978). Predilection sites of bovine farcy lesions in Sudanese cattle. Bulletin of Animal Health Production (Africa) 26, 168–171.Google ScholarPubMed
Salmon, M. D., Bushnell, R. B. & Pier, A. C. (1982). Determination of sensitivity and specificity of the Nocardia asteroides skin test for detection of bovine mammary infections caused by Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia caviae. American Journal of Veterinary Research 43, 332–335.Google Scholar
Schall, K. P. & Beaman, B. L. (1983). Clinical significance of Actinomycetes. In The Biology of the Actinomycetes (ed. Goodfellow, M.), pp. 389–424.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. N. & Dwivedi, J. N. (1977). Pulmonary mycosis of sheep and goats in India. Indian Journal of Animal Science 47, 808–813.Google Scholar
Shigidi, M. T. A. & Mamoun, I. E. (1981). Isolation of Nocardia asteroides from cattle with mastitis in the Sudan. Bulletin of Animal Health Production (Africa) 29. 275–278.Google ScholarPubMed
Shigidi, M. T. A., Mirghani, T. & Musa, M. T. (1980). Characterization of Nocardia farcinica isolated from cattle with bovine farcy. Research in Veterinary Science 28, 207–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, G. L., Stinson, E. B., Egger, M. J. & Remington, J. S. (1981). Nocardial infections in the immunocompromised host: A detailed study in a defined population. Review of Infectious Diseases 3, 492–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, V. B. D., McGowan, V. & Sneath, P. H. A. (1980). Approved lists of bacterial names. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 30, 225–420.Google Scholar
Smith, I. M. & Hayward, A. H. S. (1971). Nocardia caviae and Nocardia asteroides: comparative bacteriological and mouse pathogenicity studies. Journal of Comparative Pathology 81, 79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snikszko, S. F., Bullock, G. L., Dunbar, C. E. & Pettijohn, L. L. (1964). Nocardial infection in hatchery-reared fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Bacteriology 88, 1809–1810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, D. A., Pieu, A. C., Beaman, B. L., Morozumi, P. A., Lovett, I. S. & Houang, E. T. (1981). Laboratory evaluation of an outbreak of nocardiosis in immunocompromised hosts. American Journal of Medicine 71, 928–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, R. E. & Kligman, A. M. (1951). The use of gastric mucin to lower the resistance of laboratory animals to systemic fungus infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 88, 151–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Studdert, V. P. (1971). Thoracic nocardiosia in the dog and cat. Victoria Veterinary Proceedings 29, 40–50.Google Scholar
Sundararaj, T. & Agarwal, S. C. (1977). Cell-mediated immunity in experimental Nocardia asteroides infection. Infection and Immunity 15, 370–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweeney, J. C., Miyaki, G., Vainik, P. M. & Conklin, R. H. (1976). Systemic mycoses in marine mammals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 169, 946–948.Google ScholarPubMed
Swerczek, T. W., Trautwein, G. & Nielson, S. W. (1968). Canine nocardiosis. Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin B 15, 971–978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thordal-Christensen, A. & Clifford, D. H. (1953). Actinomycosis (nocardiosis) in a dog with a brief review of this disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 14, 298–306.Google Scholar
Tjaberg, T. B. (1969). Nocardia asteroides isolated from the liver of cattle. Nordisk Veterinarmedicin 21, 433–435.Google Scholar
Tritschler, L. G. & Romack, F. E. (1965). Nocardiosis in equine mandibles associated with bilateral anomalies of inferior dentition. Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician 60, 605–608.Google ScholarPubMed
Trolldenier, I. (1903). Über eine bei einem Hunde gefundene Pathogene Streptothrix. Zeit schrift für Tiermedizin 7, 81–109.Google Scholar
Uesaka, I., Kobayashi, H., Katsura, Y. & Yasuhira, K. (1968). The influence of Escherichia coli and Slaphylococcus aureus on the infection of mice with Nocardia asteroides. Japanese Journal of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases 15, 31.Google Scholar
Uesaka, I., Oiwa, K., Yasuhira, K., Kobara, Y. & McClung, N. M. (1971). Studies on the pathogenicity of Nocardia isolates for mice. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 41, 443–457.Google ScholarPubMed
Valdez, I. E. & Conroy, D. A. (1963). The study of a tuberculosis-like condition in neon tetras (Hyphessobrycon innesii). II. Characteristics of the bacterium isolated. Microbiology España 16, 249–253.Google Scholar
Van der Wall, V. G. (1964). Lungen-nocardiose beim kalb. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 71, 111–116.Google Scholar
Van Fey, H., Holm, P. & Teuscher, E. (1954). Nocardiosen. Kascirstissche Mitteilung über einen Fall von septischer Nocardiose beim Hund und zivei Fale von Nocardia Abortus beim Rind. Schiveizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde 96, 642–648.Google Scholar
Verdura, T. & Joa, R. (1977). Association of microorganisms of the Nocardia group with yeasts in diseases of the mammary gland with respiratory complications. Revista de Ciências Velerinárias 8, 21–24.Google Scholar
Veselsky, M. & Otcenasek, M. (1972). Nocardiosis in a dog. Veterinarstvi 22, 375–377.Google Scholar
Vistica, C. A. & Beaman, B. L. (1983). Pathogenic and virulence characterization of colonial mutants of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2. Canadian Journal of Microbiology (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walton, A. M. & Libke, K. G. (1974). Nocardiosis in animals. Veterinary Medicine/Small Animal Clinician 69, 1105–1107.Google ScholarPubMed
Watanabe, S., Kumagaya, A. & Murooka, H. (1963). Biochemical and cytological studies on the growth of Nocardia sp. I. Utilization of various aromatic compounds and effects of phosphoric acid, amino acids and some other nutritive elements. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 9, 363–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, W. A. (1977). Nocardia species as a possible cause of ovine abortion. Research in Veterinary Science 23, 171–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wendt, V. K.Pospish, H. & Fuchs, H. W. (1969). Die enzootische Nocardia-mastitis des Rindes durch Nocardia asteroides. I. Mitteilung: Klinik und Pathologic Monatshefte für Veterinarmedizin 24, 80–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Wohlgemuth, K., Knudtson, W., Bicknell, E. J. & Kirkbride, C. A. (1972). Bovine abortion associated with Nocardia asteroides. Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 161, 273–274.Google ScholarPubMed
Wolke, R. E. & Meade, T. L. (1974). Nocardiosis in chinook salmon. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 10, 149–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ximenez, C., Melendro, E. I., Gonzalez, A., Garcia, A. M., Martinez, A. & Ortiz-Ortiz, L. (1980). Resistance to Nocardia brasiliensis infection in mice immunized with either Nocardia or BCG. Mycopathologia 70, 117–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanella, A. (1961). Reperto di Nocardia asteroides in uno cass di abortobovis. Veterinaria Italiana 12, 155–159.Google Scholar
Zlotnik, H. & Buckley, H. R. (1980). Experimental production of actinomycetoma in BALB/c mice. Infection and Immunity 29, 1141–1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed