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“The Vital Link”: British Print Media Export to Australia, 1853–1980
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 March 2024
Abstract
This paper uses the case study of Gordon & Gotch, media import/exporters, to explore how the transnational sale of British media contributed to a common cultural identity within the British World. Gordon & Gotch, founded as a media import firm in Australia in 1853, opened a London branch in 1866 which became independently owned and operated in 1890. This paper argues that the London and Australasian firms of Gordon & Gotch played an important and understudied role in tying Australia to Britain through lines of business that benefitted men in Melbourne and London, creating an “imagined community” of British readers that spanned oceans. The paper also explores how the divergent strategies of the London and Australasian Gordon & Gotches in the wake of the Second World War help us to understand the timeline of Australia’s cultural disentanglement with Britain. As new political economies developed in Britain and Australia, the London firm was forced to pivot to a European or more generally “global” strategy, while the Australian firm refocused its energies to domestic and American media. The consequence for Australian consumers was a reduced presence of British media and a greater preponderance of American, Australian, and locally printed multinational media in Australia. The long history of the British and Antipodean Gordon & Gotches reveals the contingency of British media saturation in Australia and the value of business historical approaches to studying change in cultural markets.
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- © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Business History Conference
References
Bibliography of Works Cited
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Cox, Howard, and Mowatt, Simon. “Vogue in Britain: Authenticity and the Creation of Competitive Advantage in the UK Magazine Industry,” Business History 54 (2012): 67–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Cryle, Denis. “Gordon and Gotch from the 1940s to the Present: Regional Distribution and Integration in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea,” Bulletin of the Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand 28 (2004): 17–26.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, David. “Nineteenth-Century Print on the Move: A Perilous Study of Translocal Migration and Print Skills Transfer,” in The Perils of Print Culture: Book, Print, and Publishing History in Theory and Practice, eds. Patten, Eve and McElligott, Jason, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 150–166.Google Scholar
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Macintyre, Stuart, and Scalmer, Sean. “Colonial States and Civil Society, 1860–90,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 1 : Indigenous and Colonial Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 189–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrett, David. “The Australian Bank Crashes of the 1890s Revisited,” Business History Review 87 (2013): 407–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Osborne, Roger. “A National Interest in an International Market: The Circulation of Magazines in Australia during the 1920s,” History Australia 5 (2008), 75.1–75.16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Richard. “One Big Thing: Britain, Its Empire, and Their Imperial Culture,” The Journal of British Studies 45 (2006): 602–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tworek, Heidi. “Political and Economic News in the Age of Multinationals,” The Business History Review 89.3 (2015): 447–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ville, Simon. “Business Development in Colonial Australia,” Australian Economic History Review 38 (1998): 16–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ville, Simon, and Merrett, David. “Australia: Settler Capitalism Sans Doctrines,” in The Routledge Companion to Business History, eds. Wilson, John F., Toms, Steven, de Jong, Abe, and Buchnea, Emily, London and New York: Routledge, 2017, 159–172.Google Scholar
Ville, Simon, and Merrett, D.T.. “The Development of Large-Scale Enterprise in Australia, 1910–64,” Business History 42 (2000): 13–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The History of Multinationals: A 2015 View,” Business History Review 89 (Autumn 2015): 405–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, John D. “Flexible Corporate Nationality: Transforming Cathay Pacific for the Shifting Geopolitics of Hong Kong in the Closing Decades of British Colonial Rule,” Enterprise & Society 23 (2022): 1–33.Google Scholar
Leader (Melbourne)Google Scholar
The Age (Melbourne)Google Scholar
The Argus (Melbourne)Google Scholar
The Australian Women’s Weekly
Google Scholar
The Canberra Times (Canberra)Google Scholar
TV Week (New South Wales)Google Scholar
British Library.Google Scholar
London Metropolitan Archives, LondonGoogle Scholar
National Archives at Kew, UK.Google Scholar
National Archives of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
National Library of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
State Library Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
100 Years to Remember: The Story of Gordon & Gotch
, Melbourne: Gordon & Gotch Australasia, 1953.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New York: Verso, 1983.Google Scholar
Balme, Christopher B. Pacific Performances: Theatricality and Cross-cultural Encounter in the South Seas, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belich, James. Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-world, 1783–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Duncan. The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860–1900, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Roy F. Gordon & Gotch: The Story of the G&G Century, 1852–1953, London: Gordon & Gotch, 1953.Google Scholar
Bridge, Carl, and Fedorowich, Kent, eds. The British World: Diaspora, Culture, and Identity. London: Frank Cass, 2003.Google Scholar
Burton, Antoinette M. Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865–1915, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1994.Google Scholar
Cryle, Denis. Culture and Commerce: Gordon and Gotch Ltd in Australia 1890–1940, Canberra: Australian Scholarly Editions Centre Projects, 1998.Google Scholar
Cox, Howard, and Mowatt, Simon. Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, James, and Ward, Stuart. The Unknown Nation: Australia After Empire, Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 2010.Google Scholar
Darwin, John. Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Caroline. Creating Postcolonial Literature: African Writers and British Publishers, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Martino, Paolo, Popp, Andrew, Scott, Peter, and Carnevali, Francesca, eds. People, Places and Business Cultures: Essays in Honour of Francesca Carnevali, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Edgerton, David. The Rise and Fall of the British Nation: A Twentieth-Century History, London: Allen Lane, 2018.Google Scholar
Fleming, Grant, Merrett, David, and Ville, Simon, The Big End of Town: Big Business and Corporate Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin-Foley, Bridget. The House of Packer: The Making of a Media Empire, St Leonard’s, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1999.Google Scholar
Hall, Catherine. Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination, 1830–1867, Oxford: Polity, 2002.Google Scholar
Huber, Valeska, and Osterhammel, Jürgen, eds. Global Publics: Their Power and Their Limits, 1870–1990, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Johanson, Graeme. A Study of Colonial Editions in Australia, 1843–1972, Wellington, NZ: Elibank Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Joshi, Priya. In Another Country: Colonialism, Culture, and the English Novel in India, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirsop, Wallace. Books for Colonial Readers: The Nineteenth-century Australian Experience. Melbourne: The Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand, 1995.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, John M. A Cultural History of the British Empire, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Magee, Gary, and Thompson, Andrew. Empire and Globalization: Networks of People, Goods, and Capital in the British World, c. 1850–1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, Bernard. The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Potter, Simon J. Broadcasting Empire: The BBC and the British World, 1922–1970, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, Simon J. News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System 1876–1922, Oxford: Clarendon, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, Simon J. Newspapers and Empire in Ireland and Britain: Reporting the British Empire, c.1857–1921, Dublin: Four Courts, 2004.Google Scholar
Ritter, Caroline. Imperial Encore: The Cultural Project of the Late British Empire, Oakland: University of California Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Rudy, Jason R. Imagined Homelands: British Poetry in the Colonies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rukavina, Alison. The Development of the International Book Trade, 1870–1895, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souter, Gavin. Company of Heralds: A Century and a Half of Australian Publishing by John Fairfax Limited and Its Predecessors, 1831–1981, Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Ville, Simon, and Merrett, David. International Business in Australia Before World War One, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Stuart. Untied Kingdom: A Global History of the End of Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamomo, meLê. Theatre and Music in Manila and the Asia Pacific, 1869–1946: Sounding Modernities, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.Google Scholar
Young, Sally. Paper Emperors: The Rise of Australia’s Newspaper Empires, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Bashford, Alison, and Macintyre, Stuart. “Introduction,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 2 : The Commonwealth of Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellanta, Melissa. “Rethinking the 1890s,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 1 : Indigenous and Colonial Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 218–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, James R. “International News in the Age of Empire,” in Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet, eds. John, Richard R. and Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, 107–132.Google Scholar
Bridge, Carl. “Australia, Britain, and the British Commonwealth,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 2 : The Commonwealth of Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 518–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, P.J., and Hopkins, A.G.. “Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Expansion Overseas II: New Imperialism, 1850–1945,” Economic History Review 40 (1987): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, David. “Publishing, Patronage and Cultural Politics, Institutional Changes in the Field Of Australian Literature from 1950’s,” in The Cambridge History of Australian Literature, ed. Pierce, Peter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 360–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, David, and Griffin-Foley, Bridget. “Culture and Media,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 2 : the Commonwealth of Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 237–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Howard, and Mowatt, Simon. “Vogue in Britain: Authenticity and the Creation of Competitive Advantage in the UK Magazine Industry,” Business History 54 (2012): 67–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cryle, Denis. “Gordon & Gotch,” in Paper Empires: A History of the Book in Australia, eds. Munro, Craig and Sheahan-Bright, Robyn, Lucia, St, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 2006, 224–227.Google Scholar
Cryle, Denis. “Gordon and Gotch from the 1940s to the Present: Regional Distribution and Integration in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea,” Bulletin of the Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand 28 (2004): 17–26.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, David. “Nineteenth-Century Print on the Move: A Perilous Study of Translocal Migration and Print Skills Transfer,” in The Perils of Print Culture: Book, Print, and Publishing History in Theory and Practice, eds. Patten, Eve and McElligott, Jason, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 150–166.Google Scholar
Ford, Lisa, and Roberts, David Andrew. “Expansion, 1820–1850,” The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 1 : Indigenous and Colonial Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 120–148.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. “Globalization,” in The Oxford Handbook of Business History, eds. Jones, Geoffrey and Zeitlin, Jonathan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 141–170.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, and de Silva Lopes, Teresa. “International Business History and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: How History Matters,” in The Oxford Handbook of International Business Strategy, eds. Mellahi, Kamel, Meyer, Klaus, Narula, Rajneesh, Surdu, Irina, and Verbeke, Alain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020, 37–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirsop, Wallace. “Gotch, John Speechly (1829–1901),” Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1972.Google Scholar
Lubinski, Christina and Wadhwani, R. Daniel. “Geopolitical Jockeying: Economic Nationalism and Multinational Strategy in Historical Perspective,” Strategic Management Journal 41 (2019): 400–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magee, Gary B. “The Importance of Being British? Imperial Factors and the Growth of British Imports, 1870–1960,” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 37 (2007): 341–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCalman, Janet, and Kippen, Rebecca. “Population and Health,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 1 : Indigenous and Colonial Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 294–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macintyre, Stuart, and Scalmer, Sean. “Colonial States and Civil Society, 1860–90,” in The Cambridge History of Australia , Volume 1 : Indigenous and Colonial Australia, eds. Bashford, Alison and McIntyre, Stuart, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 189–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrett, David. “The Australian Bank Crashes of the 1890s Revisited,” Business History Review 87 (2013): 407–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Gordon E. “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits, Reprinted from Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965, Pp.114 Ff,” IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter 11 (2006): 33–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborne, Roger. “A National Interest in an International Market: The Circulation of Magazines in Australia during the 1920s,” History Australia 5 (2008), 75.1–75.16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Richard. “One Big Thing: Britain, Its Empire, and Their Imperial Culture,” The Journal of British Studies 45 (2006): 602–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tworek, Heidi. “Political and Economic News in the Age of Multinationals,” The Business History Review 89.3 (2015): 447–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ville, Simon. “Business Development in Colonial Australia,” Australian Economic History Review 38 (1998): 16–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ville, Simon, and Merrett, David. “Australia: Settler Capitalism Sans Doctrines,” in The Routledge Companion to Business History, eds. Wilson, John F., Toms, Steven, de Jong, Abe, and Buchnea, Emily, London and New York: Routledge, 2017, 159–172.Google Scholar
Ville, Simon, and Merrett, D.T.. “The Development of Large-Scale Enterprise in Australia, 1910–64,” Business History 42 (2000): 13–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “The History of Multinationals: A 2015 View,” Business History Review 89 (Autumn 2015): 405–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, John D. “Flexible Corporate Nationality: Transforming Cathay Pacific for the Shifting Geopolitics of Hong Kong in the Closing Decades of British Colonial Rule,” Enterprise & Society 23 (2022): 1–33.Google Scholar
Leader (Melbourne)Google Scholar
The Age (Melbourne)Google Scholar
The Argus (Melbourne)Google Scholar
The Australian Women’s Weekly
Google Scholar
The Canberra Times (Canberra)Google Scholar
TV Week (New South Wales)Google Scholar
British Library.Google Scholar
London Metropolitan Archives, LondonGoogle Scholar
National Archives at Kew, UK.Google Scholar
National Archives of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
National Library of Australia, Canberra.Google Scholar
State Library Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar