Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-16T04:46:15.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Medieval Pilgrimage Business

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Adrian R. Bell
Affiliation:
ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6BA, E-mail: a.r.bell@icmacentre.ac.uk
Richard S. Dale
Affiliation:
ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6BA, UK.

Abstract

Although medieval pilgrimage has been the subject of extensive historical research, the economic and financial dimension has been somewhat neglected. This paper is an attempt to provide a synthesis of published and unpublished work on pilgrimage, focusing on the business management and promotional aspects of pilgrimage shrines. From the literature reviewed, it is clear that many ‘modern’ business practices were being widely used by pilgrimage centers throughout Europe in the middle ages. Examples can be found of active brand management and promotional techniques adopted by shrines operating within a highly competitive market for pilgrimage services.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2011. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Books

Barber, Malcolm. The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Bell, Adrian R. Brooks, Chris, and Dryburgh, Paul. The English Wool Market c. 1230–1327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Birch, Derba. Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages, Studies in the History of Medieval Religion, vol. 13. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1998.Google Scholar
Bond, E.A. Chronica Monasterii de Melsa. London: Rolls Series, 1866.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and function in Latin Christianity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy. trans. S. G. C. Middlemore. New York: Harper and Row, 1958.Google Scholar
Courtes, George. Les Chemins de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle. Bordeaux: Editions Sud-Ouest, 1999.Google Scholar
Davey, Francis, ed. William Wey: An English Pilgrim to Compostela in. London: The Confraternity of St. James, 2000.Google Scholar
Douie, Decima L. and Hugh Farmer, David eds. Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis: The Life of St Hugh of Lincoln, vol. 2. Oxford: Thomas Nelson, 1985.Google Scholar
Finucane, Ronald. Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England. London: Dent, 1977.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R.A. St. James Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmirez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Fraisse, Chantal. Moissac: Histoire d’une Abbaye. Paris: La Louve Editions, 2006.Google Scholar
Furnivall, F.J. ed. The Stacions of Rome and the Pilgrims Sea-Voyage. London: Early English Text Society, 1867.Google Scholar
Hall, D.J. English Medieval Pilgrimage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967.Google Scholar
In Business: The Ultimate Resource (2009). Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ultimatebusiness/franchise. Google Scholar
Kaueper, Richard W. and Kennedy, Elspeth, eds. The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text Context and Translation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Kempe, Marjery. The Book of Marjery Kempe. trans. B. A. Windeatt. Harmondworth, UK: Penguin, 1985.Google Scholar
Lozano, M.B. A Practical Guide for Pilgrims: The Road to Santiago. Leon: Centre for the Studies into the Pilgrims Route to Santiago, 1998.Google Scholar
Luard, H.R. ed. Annales Monastici. London: Rolls Series, 1985.Google Scholar
Lumby, J.R. Polychronicon Ranulphi de Higden Monachi Cestrensis. London: Rolls Series, 1882.Google Scholar
McCant, Anne. “Donations and the Economics of Shrines.” In, Encyclopaedia of Medieval Pilgrimage, edited by Taylor, Larissa J. Ann Craig, Leigh, Friedman, John B. Gower, Kathy, Izbicki, Thomas, and Tekippe, Rita. London: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Mynors, R.A.B. Thomson, R.M. and Winterbottom, M, eds. and trans. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings, vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Nilson, Ben. Cathedral Shrines of Medieval England. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1998.Google Scholar
Paris, Matthew. Chronica majora, edited by Luard, H.R. London: Rolls Series, 18721884.Google Scholar
Reginaldi Monachi Dunelmensis Libellus de Admirandis Beati Cuthberti virtutibus quae Novellis Patratae sunt Temporibus. London: Surtees Society, 1835.Google Scholar
Robertson, J.C. ed. Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (Canonized by Pope Alexander III, AD 1173), vol. 4. London: Rolls Series, 1879.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Joel. Purchase of Paradise. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972.Google Scholar
Shaver-Crandell, Annie, and Gerson, Paula. The Pilgrims Guide to Santiago de Compostela. London: Harvey Miller, 1995.Google Scholar
Somner, William. Antiquities of Canterbury. London, 1640.Google Scholar
Spaccarelli, T.D. ed. A Medieval Pilgrims Companion: Reassessing El Libro de los huespedes (Escorial MS. h.I.13). Chapel Hill: Carolina Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Stubbs, W. Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Conventria. London: Longman and Co., 1873.Google Scholar
Sumption, Jonathan. Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion. London, 1975.Google Scholar
Vauchez, André. Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Vincent, Nicholas. The HolyBlood, King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind, Theory, Record and Event 1000–1215. London: Scholar Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Webb, Diana. Pilgrimage in Medieval England. London: Hambledon Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Webb, Diana. Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West. London: I.B. Taurus, 2001.Google Scholar
Webb, Diana. Medieval European Pilgrimage. London: Palgrave, 2002.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, J. Hill, J. and Ryan, W.F. eds. Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185. London: Hakluyt, 1988.Google Scholar

Articles and Essays

Barton, Simon. “Patrons, Pilgrims and the Cult of Saints in the Medieval Kingdom of Leon.” In Pilgrimage Explored, edited by Stoppard, J, 5277 Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.Google Scholar
Bellenger, Dom. “The Benedictine Tradition of Hospitality.” In Body and Soul, edited by Gosia Brykczynska, 3138. London: Confraternity of St. James, 2001.Google Scholar
Birch, Debra. “Selling the Saints: Competition among Pilgrimage Centres in the Twelfth Century,” Medieval History 2 (1992): 2034.Google Scholar
Bonser, Wilfred. “The Cult of Relics in the Middle Ages,” Folklore 73 (1962): 234–56.Google Scholar
Brygg, Thomas. “The Itinerary in the Holy Land of Lord Thomas of Swynburne’. In Western Pilgrims, edited by Hoade, E. 7886. Jerusalem, 1970.Google Scholar
Childs, Wendy. “The Perils, or Otherwise, of Maritime Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in the Fifteenth Century.” In Pilgrimage Explored, edited by Stoppard, J. 123–43. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.Google Scholar
Cohen, Esther. “In haecsigna: Pilgrim-Badge Trade in Southern France,” Journal of Medieval History 2 (1976): 193214.Google Scholar
Craig, Leigh Ann. “‘Stronger Than Men and Braver Than Knights’: Women and the Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome in the Later Middle Ages,” Journal of Medieval History 29 (2003): 153–75.Google Scholar
De Translatione Beati Thome Martiris.” In The Shorter Latin Poems of Master Henry of Avranches Relating to England, edited by Russell, J.C. and Heironimus, J.P. 78. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1935.Google Scholar
Duffy, Eamon. “The Dynamics of Pilgrimage in Late Medieval England.” In Pilgrimage: The English Experience from Beckett to Bunyan, edited by Morris, Colin and Roberts, Peter. Cambridge, 2002.Google Scholar
Kemp, Brian. “The Hand of St. James at Reading Abbey.” Reading Medieval Studies 16 (1990): 7796.Google Scholar
Kemp, Brian. “The Miracles of the Hand of St. James.” Berkshire Archaelogical Journal 65 (1970): 119.Google Scholar
Kleinburg, Aviad M. “Proving Sanctity: Selection and Authentication of Saints in the Later Middle Ages.” Viator 20 (1987): 183205.Google Scholar
Krochalis, Jeanne. “Magna Tabula: The Glastonbury Tablets (Part 1).” Arthurian Literature 25 (1997): 93183.Google Scholar
Mate, Mavis. “Coping with Inflation: A Fourteenth Century Example.” Journal of Medieval History 4 (1978): 95105.Google Scholar
Nilson, Ben. “The Medieval Experience of the Shrine.” In Pilgrimage Explored, edited by Stoppard, J. 95122. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.Google Scholar
Plotz, Robert. “Aachen as a Centre of Pilgrimage and as a Station on the Way to Santiago de Compostela.” In Body and Soul, 7279. London: Confraternity of St. James, 2001.Google Scholar
Swanson, R.N. “Fund-Raising for a Medieval Monastery: Indulgences and Great Bricett Priory.” Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 40 (2001): 17.Google Scholar
Tomasi, Luigi. “From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism via the Journey.” In From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism: The Social and Cultural Economics of Piety, edited by Swatos, William and Tomasi, Luigi, 124. London: Praeger, 2002.Google Scholar
Tybout, Alice M. and Calkins, Tim, eds. Kellogg on Branding: The Marketing Faculty of the Kellogg School of Management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005.Google Scholar
Webb, Diana. “St. James in Tuscany: the Opera di San Jacopo of Pistoia and Pilgrimage to Compostela.” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50 (1999): 207–34.Google Scholar
Woodruff, Eveleigh. “The Financial Aspect of the Cult of St. Thomas of Canterbury.” Archaeologia Cantiana 44 (1932): 1332.Google Scholar

Dissertations

Cohen, Esther. “In the Name of God and of Profit: The Pilgrimage Industry in Southern France in the Late Middle Ages.” PhD dissertation, Brown University, 1976.Google Scholar
Rogers, Emma. “The Marketing of the Holy Dead in the High Middle Ages.” PhD dissertation, University of Reading, 2004.Google Scholar