Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T09:03:34.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Poxvirus Countermeasures During an Emergency in the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2015

Steve Bice  and
Kevin Yeskey
Steve Bice*
Affiliation:
Steve Bice Associates, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia
Kevin Yeskey
Affiliation:
MDB, Inc, Washington, DC
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to Steven Bice, 1183 Zimmer Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30306 (e-mail: stevebiceassociates@gmail.com).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although smallpox was eradicated worldwide by 1980, national security experts remain concerned that it could be used in a deliberate attack. The United States and other governments have given priority to developing and stockpiling vaccines and antivirals to protect their populations from the potential reintroduction of this deadly disease. Public health officials are also concerned about the spread of related zoonotic orthopoxviruses such as monkeypox and cowpox, against which smallpox vaccine provides protection. This report analyzes how medical countermeasures available in the US Strategic National Stockpile will be given priority and used in the event of an intentional or accidental release of smallpox in the United States. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:121-126)

Keywords

smallpoxvaccinereplicatingnon-replicatingmedical countermeasure
Type
Policy Analysis
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , April 2015 , pp. 121 - 126
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Reed, KD, Melski, JW, Graham, MB, et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the Western Hemisphere. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:342-350.Google Scholar
2. Shah, S. New threat from poxviruses. Scientific American. 2013;308:66-71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research. Report of the Eleventh Meeting. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; November 4-5, 2009.Google Scholar
4. Gibson, DG, Benders, GA, Andrews-Pfannkoch, C, et al. Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome. Science. 2008;319:1215-1220.Google Scholar
5. Darling, RG, Woods, JB, eds. USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, 5th ed. Fort Detrick: USAMRIID; 2004.Google Scholar
6. Casey, CG, Iskander, JK, Roper, MH, et al. Adverse events associated with smallpox vaccination in the United States, January-October 2003. JAMA. 2005;294:2734-2743.Google Scholar
7. US Health and Human Services. BARDA broad agency announcement for the advanced research and development of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear medical countermeasures; solicitation No. BARDA-CBRN-BAA-10-100-SOL-00012.Google Scholar
8. Henderson, DA, Inglesby, TV, Bartlett, JG, et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA. 1999;281:2127-2137.Google Scholar
9. Fenner, F, Henderson, DA, Arita, I, Jezek, Z, Ladnyi, ID. Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1988.Google Scholar
10. ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine: vaccines and related biological products advisory committee (VRBPAC) briefing document. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Acambis Inc; April 18, 2007.Google Scholar
11. Breman, JG, Henderson, DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1300-1308.Google Scholar
12. Guidance for post-event smallpox planning. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/faq/post_event.asp. Accessed May 5, 2014.Google Scholar
13. ACAM2000 [package insert]. Lyon, France: Sanofi Pasteur; 2009.Google Scholar
14. Emergency preparedness and response: smallpox fact sheet. vaccine overview. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/facts.asp. Accessed May 5, 2014.Google Scholar
15. Damon, IK, Davidson, WB, Hughes, CM, et al. Evaluation of smallpox vaccines using variola neutralization. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(pt 8):1962-1966.Google Scholar
16. Vollmar, J, Arndtz, N, Eckl, KM, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of IMVAMUNE, a promising candidate as a third generation smallpox vaccine. Vaccine. 2006;24:2065-2070.Google Scholar
17. Kennedy, JS, Greenberg, RN. IMVAMUNE: modified vaccinia Ankara strain as an attenuated smallpox vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8:13-24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. European Medicines Agency EPAR summary for the public: Imvanex: live modified vaccinia Ankara virus. EMA/349199/2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/002596/WC500147899.pdf.Google Scholar
19. Kemper, AR, Davis, MM, Freed, GL. Expected adverse events in a mass smallpox vaccination campaign. Eff Clin Pract. 2002;5(2):84-90.Google Scholar
20. Hanifin, JM, Reed, ML. A population-based survey of eczema prevalence in the United States. Dermatitis. 2007;18:82-91.Google Scholar
21. Naleway, AL, Belongia, EA, Greenlee, RT, et al. Eczematous skin disease and recall of past diagnoses: implications for smallpox vaccination. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:1-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Grosenbach, DW, Jordan, R, Hruby, DE. Development of the small-molecule antiviral ST-246 as a smallpox therapeutic. Future Virol. 2011;6:653-671.Google Scholar