¹ Although other parties were part of this trend (at different moments the Belgian, Italian and Greek socialist parties were associated to Southern European socialism) this article exclusively focuses on the French and the Iberian socialist parties, as their relations, given the context of regime changes in the Iberian Peninsula, were especially relevant for the creation of the Southern European Socialist trend.

² Placed at the Centre d'Archives Socialistes (CAS), Fondation Jean-Jaurès (FJJ), Paris.

³ Placed at the Fundación Pablo Iglesias (FPI), Alcalá de Henares.

⁴ See, for example, Del Pero, Mario et al. , Democrazie. L'Europa Meridionale e la Fine delle Dittadure (Milano: Le Monnier, 2010)Google Scholar; Del Pero, Mario, ‘A European Solution for a European Crisis. The International Implications of Portugal's Revolution’, Journal of European Integration History, 15, 1 (2009), 15–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ Sánchez, Antonio Muñoz, El amigo alemán. El SPD y el PSOE de la dictadura a la democracia (Barcelona: RBA Libros, 2012)Google Scholar; Sánchez, Antonio Muñoz, ‘The Friedrich Ebert Foundation and the Spanish Socialists during the Transition to Democracy, 1975–1982’, Contemporary European History, 25, 1 (2016), 285–314Google Scholar; da Fonseca, Ana Monica Rôla, ‘The Federal Republic of Germany and the Portuguese Transition to Democracy (1974–1976)’, Journal of European Integration History 15, 1 (2009), 35–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; da Fonseca, Ana Monica Rôla, ‘Apoio da social-democracia alemã à democratização portuguesa (1974–1975)’, Transição Democrática em Portugal. Leer Historia, 63 (2012), 93–108Google Scholar; Castaño, David, ‘“A Practical Test in Détente”: International Support for the Socialist Party in the Portuguese Revolution’, Cold War History, 15, 1 (2015), 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; do Paço, António Simões, ‘El gobierno Wilson 1974–1976. Europa y la Revolución Portuguesa’, Ayer. Revista de Historia Contemporánea, 99 (2015), 101–22Google Scholar; Sablosky, Juliet Antunes, O PS e a transição para a democracia. Relações com os partidos socialistas europeus (Lisboa: Editorial Noticias, 2000)Google Scholar; do Paço, António Simões, ‘Friends in High Places – O Partido Socialista e a « Europa connosco »’, in Varela, Raquel, ed., Revolução ou Transição? História e memoria da Revolução dos Cravos (Lisboa: Bertrand, 2012), 117–38Google Scholar; Anaya, Pilar Ortuño, Los socialistas europeos y la transición española (1959–1977) (Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁶ Devin, Guillaume, L'Internationale Socialiste. Histoire et Sociologie du Socialisme International (1945–1990) (Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1993)Google Scholar. For a comprehensive history of European social democracy see Sassoon, Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: I.B.Tauris, 1996)Google Scholar. Although chronologically it covers only until the mid 1970s, see also Droz, Jacques, Histoire Générale du Socialisme. Tome IV: De 1945 à nos jours (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1978)Google Scholar.

⁷ I am refering to the ongoing doctoral thesis of Stine Bonsaksen: ‘Democratisation by exclusion? Scandinavian Social Democracy and the Iberian transition to democracy 1974–1986’, NTNU.

⁸ Fadi Kassem, ‘Choosing a Foreign Policy for French Socialists: The case of the Democratic Revolution in Portugal (1974–1981)’, Zeitgeschichte 2, 40 (Mar./Apr. 2013), 87–106; Alan Granadino, ‘Fertile Soil for Socialism or Communist Threat? The Carnation Revolution through the Eyes of the French Socialists’, in Matteo Albanese and Annarita Gori, eds., “Un problema difícil” La Rivoluzione dei Garofani vista dalla sinistra europea, Ricerche Storiche, 1 (2016), 61–70; Antonio Peciccia, ‘Mario Soares e la transizione portoghese, tra dinamiche internazionali e lotte di potere (1974–1976)’, Itinerari di ricerca storica, XXVIII, 1 (2014), 89–118.

⁹ Bernard E. Brown, ed., Eurocommunism & Eurosocialism. The Left Confronts Modernity (New York and London: Cyrco Press, 1979); Tom Gallagher and Allan M. Williams, Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections, and the Challenge of Government (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1989); James Kurth and James Petras, eds., Mediterranean Paradoxes. The Policies and Social Structure of Southern Europe (Providence: Berg, 1993); James Petras, ‘The Rise and Decline of Southern European Socialism’, New Left Review, 146 (July/Aug. 1984), 37–52.

¹⁰ José M. Magone, ‘The Internationalisation of the Portuguese Socialist Party, 1973–2003’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society 6, 3 (2005), 491–516; Antonio Peciccia, ‘Mario Soares e la transizione portoghese, tra dinamiche internazionali e lotte di potere (1974–1976)’, Itinerari di Ricerca Storica, XXVIII, 1 (2014), 89–118.

¹¹ Christian Salm, Transnational Socialist Networks in the 1970s: European Community Development Aid and Southern Enlargement (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).

¹² Bernd Rother, ‘Exporting Democracy? European Social Democrats and the European Community's Southern Enlagement’, in Claudia Hiepel, ed., Europe in a Globalising World. Global Challenges and European Responses in the “Long” 1970s (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2014), 185–200.

¹³ Michele Di Donato, ‘The Cold War and Socialist Identity: The Socialist International and the Italian “Communist Question” in the 1970s’, Contemporary European History, 24 (2015), 193–211.

¹⁴ Fadi Kassem, ‘Le Parti socialiste français et le socialisme d'Europe du Sud dans les années 1970: à la recherche d'un «compromis» eurosocialiste. Une nouvelle approche de l'histoire du Parti socialiste français (PSF)’, Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, 119–120 (2016/1), 11–6.

¹⁵ Helen Graham, ‘The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War’, in Helen Graham and Paul Preston, ed., The Popular Front in Europe (Houndmills and London: Macmillan Press, 1987), 106–30.

¹⁶ For example, the Italian, French and Spanish communist parties.

¹⁷ Niall Ferguson, Charles S. Maier, Erez, Manela and Daniel J., Sragent, eds., The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2010).

¹⁸ In the early 1970s there was social democrat presence in the governments of Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. See Sassoon, One Hundred Years.

¹⁹ David S. Bell and Byron Criddle, The French Socialist Party. The Emergence of a Party of Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); George Arthur Codding and Safran William, Ideology and Politics: The Socialist Party of France (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979).

²⁰ On the introduction and development of the concept autogestion in France see Frank Georgi, L'autogestion en chantier. Les gauches françaises et le « modèle » yougoslave (1948–1981) (Nancy : Arbre blue éditions, 2018).

²¹ In July 1972 PSF signed the Common Programme of the Left with the Communist Party and the left radicals.

²² Hugues Portelli, ‘Le Parti Socialiste et l'Internationale Socialiste (1971–1981)’, in Hugues Portelli, ed., L'Internationale Socialiste (Paris: Les Éditions Ouvrières, 1983), 137–46. See also Michel Dreyfus, L'Europe des Socialistes (Paris: Editions Complexe, 1991), 269–89.

²³ Mitterand explained at the Vienna Congress of the SI in 1972 that PSF aimed to use the Union of the Left to conquer three million voters out of the five million that voted for PCF. See André Donneur, L'alliance fragile. Socialistes et communistes français (1922–1983) (Montreal: Editions Nouvelle Optique, 1983), 258.

²⁴ Sablosky, O PS e a transição, 38. See also Michele Di Donato, ‘Un socialismo per l'Europa del Sud? Il PS di François Mitterrand e il coordinamento dei partiti socialisti dell'Europa meridionale’, in Michelangela di Giacomo, Annarita Gori, Tommaso Nencioni and Gregorio Sorgonà, eds., Nazioni e Narrazioni tra l'Italia e l'Europa, Storia Contemporanea, 16 (Apr. 2013), 240.

²⁵ Christelle Flandre, Socialisme ou social-démocratie? Regards croises français allemands, 1971–1981 (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006).

²⁶ There are two interpretations regarding the renovation of the PSOE. The first one, held by the historian Santos Juliá, implies that the PSOE was newly founded between 1972 and 1974, using the Spanish word refundación to term this process. See Santos Juliá, Los socialistas en la política española, 1879–1982 (Madrid: Taurus, 1997). The second one, defended by the historian Abdón Mateos, argues that it is more accurate to use the term renovación, which means renovation, to name the process experienced by the PSOE in the early 1970s. See Abdón Mateos, El PSOE contra Franco. Continuidad y renovación del socialismo español, 1953–74 (Madrid: EPI, 1993). See also Abdón Mateos, ‘La transición del PSOE durante los años setenta’, in Rafael Quirosa–Cheyrouze y Muñoz, ed., Historia de la Transición en España. Los inicios del proceso democratizador (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2007), 285–99. In this work I have adopted the latter term considering that the renovation of the PSOE implied change without breaking with the past of the party.

²⁷ On the split of the PSOE and the recognition of the renewed faction by the SI see: Ortuño, Los socialistas.

²⁸ In Spanish ruptura democrática. Basically, the socialists understood this concept as the rejection of any kind of reformist alternative proposed by the regime.

²⁹ Pierre Guidoni and Felipe González, Entretiens sur le socialisme en Espagne (Paris: Tema, 1976), 40.

³⁰ On the ideological development of the PSOE during the Spanish transition to democracy, see Santos Juliá, ‘The Ideological Conversion of the leaders of PSOE, 1976–1979’, in Frances Lannon and Paul Preston, eds., Élites and Power in Twentieth-Century Spain (New York: Clarendon Press-Oxford, 1990), 269–85; Juan Antonio Andrade Blanco, El PCE y el PSOE en (la) transición. La evolución ideológica de la izquierda durante el proceso de cambio político (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 2012).

³¹ Susana Martins, Socialistas na Oposição ao Estado Novo (Lisboa: Editorial Notícias, 2005).

³² On the ideological renewal of the PS see especially António Reis, ‘O Partido Socialista na revolução, no poder e na oposição. Da dialéctica com o projecto nacional-militar à dialéctica com o eanismo’, in Vitalino Canas, ed., O Partido Socialista e a Democracia (Oeiras: Celta, 2005), 94–127.

³³ ‘Declaração de Princípios e Programa do Partido Socialista’, (1973), 6. Fundação Mário Soares (FMS), CasaComum.org, Disponível HTTP: http://hdl.handle.net/11002/fms_dc_80123 (2018-12-12).

³⁴ Relatório de Mário Soares ao Congresso da Acção Socialista Portuguesa, Construir uma Nova Vida, Destruir o Sistema (1973), 44. ‘Construir uma nova vida/Destruir o sistema/Por um Partido Socialista forte combativo e eficaz’, FMS, CasaComum.org, available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11002/fms_dc_80122 (last accessed 29 Apr. 2019).

³⁵ Reis, ‘O Partido Socialista na revolução’, 63.

³⁶ In Portuguese: Movimento da Forças Armadas.

³⁷ Already in May the number of strikes and the occupation of houses, factories and lands increased enormously. See Pinto, Pedro Ramos, Lisbon Rising. Urban Social Movements in the Portuguese Revolution, 1974–1975 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2013)Google Scholar; de Lourdes Santos, Maria, de Lima, Marinús Pires, Ferreira, Vítor Matias, O 25 de Abril e as Lutas Sociais nas Empresas, 3 vol. (Porto: Afrontamento, 1976)Google Scholar; Piçarra, Constantino, ‘A reforma agrária no sul de Portugal (1975)’, in Varela, Raquel, ed., Revolução ou Transição? História e memoria da Revolução dos Cravos (Lisboa: Bertrand, 2012), 75–96Google Scholar.

³⁸ Claude Fuzier, ‘Le mai portugais’, L'unité, 109, 5 Mar. 1974, 22–3.

³⁹ Kassem, ‘Choosing a Foreign Policy for French Socialists’.

⁴⁰ This was the idea of the faction of the PSF called CERES.

⁴¹ See Granadino, ‘Fertile soil for Socialism’.

⁴² Maurice Fabien, ‘Lisbonne la rouge’, L'unité, 110, 6 May 1974, 26.

⁴³ Alan Granadino, ‘Between Radical Rhetoric and Political Moderation: The Portuguese PS and its International Networks in the Carnation Revolution’, in Marianne Egger de Campo and Christian Fleck, eds., The End of Social Democracy? The Moderate Left since 1945, its Transformation and Outlook in Europe, special issue, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften – Austrian Journal of Historical Studies, 1 (2018), 85–110.

⁴⁴ Soares wrote an extensive article on the Congress of Epinay in which he showed his admiration for the renovation of the French socialism and for their attempt to rebalance the equilibrium of forces in the left by negotiating from equal to equal with the PCF. See Mário Soares, ‘Congresso da Unidade’, 15/06/1971, Arquivo Mário Soares, FMS, (1971), ‘O Congresso da Unidade’. Available from: http://www.casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=00034.002.003 (last accessed 29 Apr. 2019).

⁴⁵ Both quotations are from ‘Qual o significado político da vinda de Mitterrand ao nosso país?’, Portugal Socialista, 6, 8 June 1974.

⁴⁶ ‘Socialismo: a única resposta para o mundo que nos rodeia’, Portugal Socialista, 6, 8 June 1974.

⁴⁷ 450RI1, Manuscript titled Entrevue avec Crespo. CAS, FJJ.

⁴⁸ The split led to the foundation of Movimento Socialista Popular, later called Frente Socialista Popular, led by Manuel Serra.

⁴⁹ Maxwell, Kenneth, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁰ 450RI1, Antoine Blanca, Sur la situation au Portugal. CAS, FJJ.

⁵¹ ‘Portugal: Pour un programme comun’, L'unité, 143, 31 Jan. 1975, 18.

⁵² See Bell and Criddle, The French Socialist Party, 84–8; Bell, David S. and Criddle, Byron, The French Communist Party in the Fifth Republic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 178–9Google Scholar; Johnson, Richard W., The Long March of the French Left (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1981), 167–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵³ Bell and Criddle, The French Socialist Party.

⁵⁴ ‘L'action internationale du Parti socialiste’, Le poing et la rose, 36, Jan. 1975, 5.

⁵⁵ ‘Pour assumer la dimension internationale de la lutte des classes’, Le poing et la rose, 34, Dec. 1974, 7.

⁵⁶ On the stance of the PCP with regard to the elections see: Raquel Varela, A história do PCP na revolução dos cravos (Lisboa: Bertrand, 2011), 205.

⁵⁷ Reis, Antonio, ‘O Partido Socialista na revolução’, 73–4.

⁵⁸ 450RI1, Carnet de rute: 48 heures avec les socialistes portugais, mars 1975, Antoine Blanca. CAS, FJJ.

⁵⁹ See, for example, ‘Le parti socialiste portugais est le garant de la démocratie déclare M. François Mitterrand’, Le Monde, 22 Mar. 1975.

⁶⁰ Partido Popular Democrático.

⁶¹ 450RI1, Analyse du resultat des élections portugaises (25 avril 1975). CAS, FJJ.

⁶² On the position of the Spanish Socialist opposition before the death of Franco see: Mateos, Abdón, ‘Del «laberinto» socialista al «partido de la transición»’, in Los partidos en la Transición. Las organizaciones políticas en la construcción de la democracia española, ed. Quirosa-Cheyrouze, Rafael y Muñoz, (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 2013), 221–34Google Scholar.

⁶³ The renovation of the party took place between 1972 and 1974. See Gillespie, Richard, The Spanish Socialist Party: A History of Factionalism (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1989)Google Scholar; Juliá, Los socialistas.

⁶⁴ See, for instance, ‘Coloquio sobre Checoslovaquia’, El Socialista, Dec. 1972, 8.; R.R., ‘PSOE. Actividades en el exterior. Sección de París’, El Socialista, 2, 28 June 1973, 5; ‘Política Internacional. Francia’, El Socialista, Jan. 1973, 4.

⁶⁵ ‘La oposición en Francia’, El Socialista, Apr. 1973, 4.

⁶⁶ See, for example, F.P de Alicante, ‘Aclarando conceptos’, El Socialista, 25, first half of July 1974, 3; Márquez, F., ‘Nuestra opción’, El Socialista, 24, second half of June 1974, 2.

⁶⁷ ‘Palabras de Mitterrand, primer secretario del Partido Socialista Francés, al XIII Congreso: Hay que internacionalizar la lucha’, El Socialista, 29, second half of Oct. 1974, 2–3.

⁶⁸ AE-628-8, Secretaría de Formación del Militante, Cursillos realizados en 1974 (exterior), FPI.

⁶⁹ 424 RI2, Communique du secrétariat international du PS, 04/12/1974. CAS, FJJ. This document has already been quoted in Ortuño, Los socialistas europeos, 161.

⁷⁰ 424RI1, Note à Lionel, 10/01/1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁷¹ 300-C-6, Situación política desde 1970 a 1975, PSOE's Historical Archive, FPI.

⁷² In general terms, as there were tendencies within the German party, such as the youth section Jusos, that were to the left of the leadership of the party.

⁷³ Flandre, Socialisme ou social-démocratie?

⁷⁴ ‘Le SPD est mal informé’, L'unité, 166, 1 July 1975, 8.

⁷⁵ Sánchez, Antonio Muñoz, ‘Entre solidaridad y realpolitik. La socialdemocracia alemana y el socialismo portugués de la dictadura a la democracia’, Hispania Nova, 15 (2017), 243–73Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ On the reactions of the United States to the Portuguese events see Tiago Moreira de Sá, Os Americanos na Revolução Portuguesa (1974–1976) (Lisboa: Editorial Noticias, 2004). On the reaction of the United Kingdom see Castaño, “‘A practical test in détente’”; Simões do Paço, ‘El gobierno Wilson 1974–1976’.

⁷⁷ On the diverse understandings of détente in Europe see Hanhimäki, Jussi M., ‘Détente in Europe, 1962–1975’, in Leffler, Melvyn P. and Westad, Odd Arne ed., The Cambridge History of Cold War, Vol II, Crises and Détente (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 198–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the role played by the Federal Republic of Germany in ‘the stabilisation in Southern Europe’ see all the articles in Journal of European Integration History, 15, 1 (2009), 1–196.

⁷⁸ On the US response to the same concern see Del Pero, Mario, ‘”Which Chile, Allende?” Kissinger and the Portuguese Revolution’, Cold War History, 4 (2011), 625–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Moreira de Sá, Os Americanos.

⁷⁹ Rôla da Fonseca, Ana Mónica, ‘«É Preciso Regar os Cravos!» A Social-democracia alemã e a transição para a democracia em Portugal (1974–1976)’, PhD diss. ISCTE – University Institute Lisbon, 2012, 149.

⁸⁰ Muñoz, El amigo alemán, 184.

⁸¹ To get a wider picture of the involvement of German social democracy in Southern Europe in these years see Bernardini, Giovanni, ‘Stability and Socialista Autonomy. The SPD, the PSI and the Italian Political Crisis of the 1970s’, Journal of European Integration History, 1 (2009), 95–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸² 41RI1, ‘Latche (Landes) 23/24.5.75’, Conférence des PS de Europe du Sud (Latche) mai 1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁸³ Ibid.

⁸⁴ 450RI1, Antoine Blanca, Etat de situation au 10 Juin 1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁸⁵ The critical stance of some communist parties that advocated democracy, such as the PCI, could have a negative impact on the strategy of the PCP, which was very important for the PS. For more on the reaction of the communist parties of Italy and France to the Portuguese Revolution, see Alex Macleod, La révolution inopportune. Les partis communistes français et italien face à la Révolution portugaise (1973–1975) (Québec: Nouvelle Optique, 1984).

⁸⁶ 41RI1, ‘Latche (Landes) 23/24.5.75’, Conférence des PS de Europe du Sud (Latche) mai 1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁸⁷ Junta Democrática was a coalition led by the PCE of several Spanish political forces and influential people opposed to the regime. It was created in July 1974, and besides the PCE it included Partido Socialista Popular, Alianza Socialista de Andalucía, the Partido del Trabajo de España, the trade union Comisiones Obreras, Partido Carlista, and some individual personalities, neighbours’ committees and professional associations.

⁸⁸ Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party; Juliá, Los socialistas.

⁸⁹ 41RI1, ‘Latche, Landes, 23/24.5.75’, Conférence des PS de Europe du Sud (Latche) mai 1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁹⁰ Muñoz, El amigo alemán.

⁹¹ Muñoz, ‘The Friedrich Ebert Foundation’.

⁹² 424RI3, Antoine Blanca, ‘A propos des socialistes espagnols et de leurs rapports avec le PS Français’. CAS, FJJ.

⁹³ 41RI1, ‘Complaint by the Democratic Socialist Party of Italy’, Conférence des PS de Europe du Sud (Latche) mai 1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁹⁴ 41RI1, ‘Letter from Robert Portillon to Antonio Cariglia’, 29/05/1975, Conférence des PS de Europe du Sud (Latche) mai 1975. CAS, FJJ.

⁹⁵ Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy.

⁹⁶ 450RI1, Antoine Blanca, ‘Les socialistes portugais et la crise de la révolution’. CAS, FJJ.

⁹⁷ Bruno Kreisky did not attend the London meeting.

⁹⁸ David Castaño, Mário Soares e a Revolução (Alfragide: Publicações Dom Quixote, 2013), 345–58.

⁹⁹ 450RI1, Secrétariat Nationale. Circulaire 441, 19/08/1975. CAS, FJJ.

¹⁰⁰ 450RI1, Secrétariat Nationale. Circulaire 442, 26/08/1975. CAS, FJJ.

¹⁰¹ For further details of these events see Castaño, ‘“A Practical Test in the Détente”’, 22–5; Del Pero, ‘“Which Chile, Allende?”’, 645–6; Moreira de Sá, Os Americanos, 135–44.

¹⁰² 450RI1, Résolution votée a l'unanimité par le comite directeur des 4 et 5 octobre 1975, CAS, FJJ.

¹⁰³ 450RI1, Quelle type de révolution pour le Portugal?, CAS, FJJ.

¹⁰⁴ On the divisions within the PSF with regard to the Portuguese Revolution see Granadino, ‘Fertile soil for Socialism’.

¹⁰⁵ ‘Le point de vue du CERES’, REPERES. Les cahiers du CERES, 25, Sept. 1975, 6–9.

¹⁰⁶ The document appeared in Fajon, Etienne, L'union est un combat (Paris: Editions Sociales, 1975)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Brown, ‘The Common Program in France’, 46.

¹⁰⁸ See Guerra, Alfonso, Cuando el tiempo nos alcanza. Memorias (1940–1982) (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 2004), 144–9Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ ‘El PSOE, hoy’, El Socialista, 38, second half of Apr. 1975, 1.

¹¹⁰ ‘Pureza de sangre’, Cambio 16, 177, 28 Apr. 1975.

¹¹¹ See El Socialista, 41, first half of June 1975.

¹¹² 424RI1, Letter from Manuel Garnacho to Gilles Martinet, 16/01/1976. CAS, FJJ.

¹¹³ 41RI2, ‘Conference des parties socialistes d'Europe du Sud’. CAS, FJJ.

¹¹⁴ 41RI2, ‘Manuscrit d'après les notes de R. Pontillon’, CAS, FJJ.

¹¹⁵ 41RI2, Jean-Pierre Cot, document addressed to the Assemblee Nationale, 05/01/1976. CAS, FJJ.

¹¹⁶ These ideas can be inferred from the following document: 41RI3, Letter from Jean-Pierre Cot to the Assemblee Nationale, 05/01/1976. CAS, FJJ.

¹¹⁷ 41RI3, ‘La coordination de l'action des forces de gauche en Europe’, 05/12/1975. CAS, FJJ.

¹¹⁸ As recent research shows, before the conference the US State Department pressed the leaders of European social democrat parties to halt cooperation between socialists and communists in Southern Europe. See Michele Di Donato, ‘The Southern European ‘Crises’ of the 1970s: Social Democratic Internationalism, the Cold War and Globalisation’, paper presented at the conference North and South. A New Approach to the History of Post-war European Social Democracy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 22–3 Nov. 2018.

¹¹⁹ 41RI4, ‘Rapport introductif présenté par le PSOE. Coordination de l'action entre les différentes forces de gauche de l'Europe du sud’, 24/01/1976, CAS, FJJ. This text was also published in El Socialista, 58, 10 Mar. 1976, 4–5.

¹²⁰ Felipe González, ‘La construcción de una Europa socialista y democrática’, El Socialista, 58, 10 Mar. 1976, 2–3.

¹²¹ 14-H 3, Letter from Luis Yañez to Robert Pontillon, 24/12/1976, PSOE's Historical Archive, FPI.

¹²² 41RI11, PS d'Europe du Sud: reencontré à Paris, 05/03/1980, Centre d'Archives Socialistes (CAS), Fondation Jean-Jaurès.

¹²³ The Paris Conference was followed by one in Madrid in May 1977, a month before the first democratic elections in Spain; one in Sintra in September 1980, a month before the parliamentary elections in Portugal; and one in Rhodes in August 1981, two months before the Greek elections.