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Exogenous Transnationalism: Java and ‘Europe’ in an Organised World Sugar Market (1927–37)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2011

FRITZ GEORG VON GRAEVENITZ
FRITZ GEORG VON GRAEVENITZ*
Affiliation:
Department of History and Civilization, European University Institute, Florence (Italy).
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Abstract

Historians of the inter-war period usually view economic nationalism (in the form of protectionism) and internationalism (in the form of free trade policy) as conflicting concepts. This article argues that the transnational networks of sugar interest groups provided a new form of internationalism compatible with the policy of agricultural protectionism. By tracing the origins of the concept of international market intervention, the article also suggests a new perspective on the economic aspects of the League of Nations’ work and offers an insight into early attempts at agricultural Europeanisation.

Transnationalisme exogène: le java et “l'europe” vis-à-vis de l'organisation d'un marché global du sucre, 1927–1937

La co-existence, pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, du nationalisme économique (sous forme de protectionnisme) et de l'internationalisme (sous forme d'une “politique de libre échange”), est généralement considérée comme contradictoire. Cet article suggère que les réseaux transnationaux créés par des entreprises privées engagées dans le commerce du sucre représentaient une forme nouvelle d'internationalisme compatible avec la politique de protectionnisme agricole. En retraçant les origines du concept d'intervention dans les marchés internationaux, l'article propose une perspective nouvelle sur le travail économique de la Ligue des Nations et sur les premières tentatives d'européanisation dans le domaine de l'agriculture.

Exogener transnationalismus. java und “europa” im organisierten weltzuckermarkt (1927–1937)

Wirtschaftsnationalismus in Form von Protektionismus und Internationalismus in Gestalt einer Freihandelspolitik werden herkömmlich als antithetische Konzepte angesehen, besonders für die Zwischenkriegszeit. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, auf eine neue Form des Internationalismus hinzuweisen, die mit der Politik des Agrarprotektionismus kompatibel war. Mit einem Fokus auf privatwirtschaftliche Kreise auf dem Zuckersektor soll nach den Ursprüngen des Konzeptes der internationalen Marktintervention gesucht und so auch eine neue Perspektive auf die wirtschaftspolitische Arbeit des Völkerbundes vorgeschlagen werden. Darüber hinaus werden Einblicke in erste Versuche einer agrarwirtschaftlichen Europäisierung zwischen den Weltkriegen gewährt.

Type
Articles
Information
Contemporary European History , Volume 20 , Issue 3: Transnational Cooperation in Food, Agriculture, Environment and Health in Historical Perspective , August 2011 , pp. 257 - 280
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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29 This can be seen from its statistical work. The members were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Russia was explicitly excluded. Humnicki, ‘Le plan de stabilisation Chadbourne et ses conséquences’, 13.

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40 Allucation de M. Aimé Monmirel, Xème congrès international des betteraviers européens, Poznan-Warsaw, 18–23 June 1936, 12. ACIBE. For the European sugar sector regulations of 1968 see Baudet, Beatrice, Sugar and Europe (Brussels: European News Agency, 1978)Google Scholar, hereafter Baudet, Sugar.

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69 For the conferences see for instance Schirmann, Crise.

70 Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, The Papers of Norman H. Davis, Ac. 10.150, Box 31.

71 De Bordes to Sweetser, 14 Aug. 1930, ALON, 10D/21808/3427.

72 Stencek to Brunet, 20 Apr. 1928, ALON, 10D/3427/3427.

73 See League of Nations, Report and Proceedings of the World Economic Conference, 1927 (Geneva: League of Nations, 1927), 237–8.

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80 Société des Nations, Comité Economique, Consultation d'experts de l'industrie sucrière, 4.4.1929, E/Sucre/P.V.5, 3–4. ALON.

81 League of Nations, Economic Committee. Consultation of Experts on Beetroot Production. E/Beet/1st session/P.V.1 (1), 6, 34; E/Beet/1st session/P.V.4 (1), 21. ALON.

82 See recently Clavin, Patricia and Patel, Kiran Klaus, ‘The Role of International Organisations in Europeanisation: The Case of the League of Nations and the European Economic Community’, in Conway, Martin and Patel, Kiran Klaus, eds, Europeanisation in the Twentieth Century: Historical Approaches (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 110–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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85 League of Nations, Economic Committee. Consultation of Experts on Beetroot Production. E/Beet/1st session/P.V.3 (1), 12–13; P.V.2 (1), 32, 37; P.V.4 (1), 17. ALON.

86 League of Nations, Economic Committee. Consultation of Experts on Beetroot Production. E/Betterave/1st session/P.V.1, 18; P.V.2 (1), 32; P.V.4 (1), 10–13. ALON.

87 De Bordes to Sweetser, 14 Aug. 1930, ALON, 10D/21808/3427.

88 Economic Organisation of the League of Nations, The World Sugar Situation. Report by the Economic Committee of the League of Nations. C.303.M.104.1929.II. (B) (Geneva: League of Nations, 1929), 16.

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91 Beauduin and Powell to the Economic Committee of the League of Nations, 27 June 1933, ALON 10D/1162/416; Société des Nations, Comité Economique, Sucre, Genève, le 4 avril 1933, Demande du Conseil International des Sucres d'inscrire la question du sucre à l'ordre du jour de la Conférence monétaire et économique. E.809. ALON.

92 League of Nations, Journal of the Monetary and Economic Conference, London 1933, No. 16, Wednesday, 28 June 1933, 112–6; Aide Mémoire, Summary of Action taken by the Monetary and Economic Conference on Sugar and of What Has Transpired Since its Adjournment, ALON, 10D/9492/6183.

93 See Beauduin to the sugar subcommittee of the London Monetary and Economic Conference, 7 July 1933, ALON, 10D/1162/416; League of Nations, Journal of the Monetary and Economic Conference, London 1933, No. 19, Saturday, 1 July 1933, 132.

94 See also Chalmin, Making, 153.

95 League of Nations, Journal of the Monetary and Economic Conference, London 1933, No. 34, Thursday, 20 July 1933, 200.

96 Shufeldt to Stoppani, 7 Feb. 1933, ALON, 10/1162/416.

97 League of Nations. Monetary and Economic Conference. Economic Commission. Sub-Commission II – Co-ordination of Production and Marketing. Report by the International Sugar Council to the Sub-Committee on Sugar of the Economic Sub-Commission II of the Monetary and Economic Conference. London, 15 July 1933. Conf.M.E./C.E./90. ALON. For a detailed summary see Summary of Negotiations with Representatives of the Various Countries, annexed to: Beauduin to the sugar subcommittee of the London Monetary and Economic Conference, 14 July 1933, ALON, 10D/1162/416.

98 See League of Nations, Journal of the Monetary and Economic Conference, London 1933, No. 35, Friday 21 July 1933, 205; League of Nations. Monetary and Economic Conference. Reports Approved by the Conference on July 27th, 1933, and Resolutions Adopted by the Bureau and the Executive Committee, London, 27 July 1933, C.435.M.220.1933.II., 21, 25. ALON.

99 League of Nations. Monetary and Economic Conference. Economic Commission. Sub-Commission II – Co-ordination of Production and Marketing. Resolution submitted by the Sub-Committee on Sugar to Sub-Commission II. London, 19 July 1933. Conf.M.E./C.E./104. ALON; League of Nations, International Sugar Conference. Held in London from April 5th to May 6th, 1937, C.289.M.190.1937.II.B (Geneva: League of Nations, 1937).

100 Clavin, ‘Defining’, 431.

101 Cayre, Histoire, 1, 27. For the European sugar market see Baudet, Sugar.

102 Document file note ‘Results of meeting, in Heidelberg, Feb. 13–16, of the International Association of European Sugar Beet Growers’, Dominian to Hull, 23 Feb. 1932, NARA RG 59, 561.35 C I/37, 1–2.

103 Lee to Guiterrez, 6 Apr. 1932, NARA RG 59, 561. 35 C I/40, 7; Davis, Joseph S., ‘Experience Under Intergovernmental Commodity Agreements, 1902–1945’, Journal of Political Economy, 54 (1946), 193–220CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

104 Notes on the International Sugar Conference, Department of State, Office of the Economic Advisor, 24 May 1937, NARA RG 59, 561.35 E 1/423 1/3.

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