Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-2xdlg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-29T23:14:38.636Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Regional Associations and the Chinese City: A Comparative Perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Gary G. Hamilton
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis

Extract

This essay outlines research that has occupied much of my time for the past several years. It concerns regional associations in traditional China, or what is known as hui-kuan or tung-hsiang-hui. When I began this research, inspired in part by Ho Ping-ti's masterful survey (1966), I believed, as did Ho, that most of the stones on this particular field of knowledge had been turned.What remained to be done, it seemed to me, was to record the vicissitudes of these traditional associations in the modernizing atmosphere of early twentieth-century China. But the more I began to look into these associations—into the way they operated, what they implied about Chinese society, and how they seemed to put the countryside into the city—the less I felt I knew and the less I was satisfied with previous generalizations made about them.

Type
Regionalism
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Amin, Samir. 1974. Modern migrations in Western Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Robert T. 1971. Voluntary associations in history. American Anthropologist 73:209–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bendix, Reinhard. 1974. Inequality and social structure. American Sociological Review 39:149–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, Edward M. 1961. Urbanization and ethnic identity in North Sumatra. American Anthropologist 63:508–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, Edward M. 1974. The expression of ethnicity in Indonesia. In Urban ethnicity, ed. Cohen, Abner. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Cancian, Frank. 1966. Maximization as norm, strategy, and theory: A comment on programmatic statements in economic anthropology. American Anthropologist 68:465–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Peng. 1957. The distribution and relative strength of the provincial merchant groups in China, 1842–1911. Unpublished dissertation. Seattle: University of Washington.Google Scholar
Cohen, Abner. 1969. Custom and politics in urban Africa: A study of Hausa migration in Yoruba towns. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Abner ed. 1974. Urban ethnicity. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Dalton, George. 1969. Theoretical issues in economic anthropology. Current Anthropology 10:6380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, William. 1973. Social relations in a Philippine market. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dietrich, Craig. 1972. Cotton culture and manufacture in early Ch'ing China. In Economic organization in Chinese society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Du Toit, Brian M. 1975. A decision-making model for the study of migration. In Migration and urbanization, models and adaptive strategies, eds. Du Toit, Brian M. and Safa, Helen I.. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elvin, Mark. 1973. The pattern of the Chinese past. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Elvin, Mark. 1974. The administration of Shanghai, 1905–1914. In The Chinese city between two worlds, eds. Elvin, Mark and Skinner, G. William. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, Andre Gunder. 1970. The development of underdevelopment. In Imperialism and underdevelopment, ed. Rhodes, Robert I.. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Folsom, Kenneth. 1968. Friends, guests, and colleagues: The mu-fu system in the late Ch'ing period. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, C. 1962. The rotating credit association: A “middle rung” in development. Economic Development and Cultural Change 10:241–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golas, Peter J. 1977. Early Ch'ing guilds. In The city in late imperial China, ed. Skinner, G. William. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gugler, Josef. 1969. On the theory of rural-urban migration: The case of Subsaharan Africa. In Migration, ed. Jackson, J. A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hechter, Michael. 1975. Internal colonialism: The Celtic fringe in British national development, 1536–1966. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Ho, Ping-ti. 1966. Chung-kuo hui-kuan shih-lun (An historical survey of Landsmannschaften in China). Taipei.Google Scholar
Ho, Ping-ti. 1967. The significance of the Ch'ing period in Chinese history. Journal of Asian Studies 26: 189–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsi, Angela. 1972. Social and economic status of the merchant class of the Ming dynasty: 1368–1644. Unpublished dissertation. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Huang, Ray. 1974. Taxation and government finance in sixteenth-century Ming China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Imperial Maritime Customs Reports. 18821892, 18921901. Decennial reports. China.Google Scholar
Jones, Susan Mann. 1972. Finance in Ningpo: The ‘ch'ien chuang,’ 1750–1880. In Economic organization in Chinese society, ed. Willmott, W. E.. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Susan Mann. 1974. The Ningpo pang and financial power at Shanghai. In The Chinese city between two worlds, ed. Elvin, Mark and Skinner, G. William. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jongkind, Fred. 1974. A reappraisal of the role of the regional associations in Lima, Peru. Comparative Studies in Society and History 16:471–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerri, James N. 1976. Studying voluntary associations as adaptive mechanisms: A review of anthropological perspectives. Current Anthropology 17: 2347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1965. West African urbanization: A study of voluntary associations in social change. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth. 1967. Voluntary associations in urban life: A case study of differential adaptations. In Social organization: Essays presented to Raymond Firth, ed. Freedman, Maurice. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Little, Kenneth 1973. Regional associations in urbanization: Their paradoxical function. In Urban anthropology, eds. Southall, A. W. and Bruner, E.. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, P. C. 1969. Africa in social change. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
MacGowan, D.J. 1889. Chinese guilds or chambers of commerce and trade unions. Journal of North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 21: 135–70.Google Scholar
Mangin, William. 1959. The role of regional associations in the adaptation of rural population in Peru. Socialogus 9:2335.Google Scholar
Mangin, William, ed. 1970. Peasants in cities. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. 1968. Urbanization of an African community: Voluntary associations in Bamako. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude, ed. 1971. The development of indigenous trade and markets in West Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, Hosea B. 1909. The gilds of China. London: Longmans, Green and Co.Google Scholar
Myers, Ramon H. 1970. The Chinese peasant economy: Agricultural development in Hopei and Shantung, 1890–1949. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Niida, Noboru. 1950. Religious and regional bonds in merchant and craft guilds in Peking. Folklore Studies 9:179206.Google Scholar
Okediji, Oladejo O. 1975. On voluntary associations as adaptive mechanism in West African urbanization: Another perspective. African Urban Notes 2:5173.Google Scholar
Owens, Raymond and Nandy, Ashis. 1975. Organizational growth and organizational participation: Voluntary associations in a West Bengal city. Contributions to Indian Sociology 9:1953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkin, David. 1966. Urban voluntary associations as institutions of adaptation. Man 1:9095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, Dwight H., ed. 1975. China's modern economy in historical perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plotnicov, Leonard. 1965. Going home again—Nigerians: The dream is unfulfilled. Trans-Action 3:1822.Google Scholar
Plotnicov, Leonard. 1967. Strangers to the city. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Karl, Arensberg, Conrad M., and Pearson, Harry W.. 1957. Trade and market in the early empires. Chicago: Henry Regnery.Google Scholar
Rawski, Evelyn S. 1972. Agricultural change and the peasant economy of South China. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhoads, Edward. 1974. Merchant Associations in Canton, 1895–1911. In The Chinese city between two worlds, eds. Elvin, Mark and Skinner, G. William. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rozman, Gilbert. 1973. Urban networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1972. The erosion of patron–client bonds and social change in rural Southeast Asia. Journal of Asian Studies 32:537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, Andrea M. 1976. Neighbourhood and social networks in urban India. New Delhi: Marwah.Google Scholar
Skeldon, Ronald. 1977. Regional associations: A note on opposed interpretations. Comparative Studies in Society and History 19:506–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Elliott P. 19741975. Voluntary associations in Ouagadougou: A reappraisal of the function of voluntary associations in African urban centers. African Urban Notes 1:1120.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1971. Chinese peasants and the closed community: An open and shut case. Comparative Studies in Society and History 13:270–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, G. William. 1976. Mobility strategies in late imperial China: A regional systems analysis. In Regional Analysis, ed. Smith, Carol A.. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William, ed. 1977. The city in late imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Smelser, Neil. 1963. Mechanism of change and adjustment of changes. In Industrialization and Society, eds. Moore, Wilbert E. and Hoselitz, Bert F.. Unesco: Mouton.Google Scholar
Sudarkasa, Niara. 19741975. Commercial migration in West Africa, with special reference to the Yoruba in Ghana. African Urban Notes 1:61103.Google Scholar
Tou, Chi-liang. 1943. T'ung-hsiang tsu-chih chih yen-chiu (Research on organizations of fellow-regionals). Chungking: Cheng chung shu chu.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1965. Migration in West Africa: The political perspective. In Urbanization and Migration in West Africa, ed. Kuper, Hilda. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The modern-world-system. Capitalist agriculture and the origins of the European world economy in the sixteenth century. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1951. The religion of China. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1961. General economic history. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1977. The agrarian sociology of ancient civilizations. London: NLB.Google Scholar
Willmott, W. E. ed. 1972. Economic organization in Chinese society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar