¹ Elazer, Daniel J., ‘The Reconstruction of Jewish Communities in the Post-War Period’ Jewish Journal of Sociology, 11 (1969), 187–226.Google Scholar

² Sklare, Marshall, Conservative Judaism, Glencoe, III, 1955;Google ScholarGlazer, Nathan, American Judaism, Chicago, 1957.Google Scholar

³ Lipset, S. M., ‘The Study of Jewish Communities in a Comparative Context’, Jewish Journal of Sociology, 5 (1963), 157–66.Google Scholar

⁴ Gordon, Milton M., Assimilation in American Life (New York, 1964), 79.Google Scholar

⁵ For a discussion of the distinction between acculturation and assimilation and of the assimilation variables see Gordon, ibid., chap. 3.

⁶ For a discussion of the comparative method see Smelser, Neil J., Essays in Sociological Explanation, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968, chap. 3.Google ScholarEtzioni, Amitai and Dubow, Fredric L., Comparative Perspectives, Boston, 1970.Google ScholarMarsh, Robert M., Comparative Sociology, New York, 1967.Google Scholar

⁷ After the Temple of Solomon was destroyed and Judea captured by the Babylonians in 586 B.C, the major part of the population in Israel, was exiled to Babylonia while some fled to Egypt. From that period only a minority of the Jewish people continued to live in Israel.

⁸ Leslie, D. D., ‘The Kaifeng Jewish Community’, Jewish Journal of Sociology, 11 (1969), 175–85.Google Scholar Since writing this paper, the definitive book on Chinese Jews has appeared: Leslie, Donald Daniel, The Survival of the Chinese Jews; the Jewish Community of Kaifeng, Leiden, 1972.Google Scholar

⁹ Strizower, Schifra, Exotic Jewish Communities, London, 1962Google Scholar, chap. 3. Mandel-baum, David G., ‘The Jewish Way of Life in Cochin’, Jewish Social Studies, 1 (1939), 423–60.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Strizower, Schifra, The Children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay, Oxford, 1971.Google Scholar The Bene Israel claim that they are descendants from the ten lost tribes of Israel and that they reached India about 175 B.C. The Cochin Jews claim that their ancestors came to India after the destruction of the Second Temple in A.D. 70. There is no independent evidence to support these claims. Although it is possible that there were Jewish communities in India as early as the fifth century A.D., the only certainty is that Jews had settled in India before the end of the first millennium after Christ.

¹¹ Chouraqui, Andre N., Between East and West (Philadelphia, 1968), chap. 7.Google Scholar

¹² Goitein, S. D., Jews and Arabs (New York, 1955), chap. 6.Google Scholar

¹³ Numerically Babylon was an important centre of Jewry from the destruction of the Temple of Solomon. Scholars have argued that the pure form of Jewish monotheism developed in the Babylonian exile.

¹⁴ Baron, S. W., A Social and Religious History of the Jews, New York, 1952–1969, vol. 2, chap. 13, vol. 5, chap. 23, vol. 6, chap. 27.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ibid., vol. 6, chap. 27. Goitein, , op. clt., chaps. 1, 3, 7.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Baron, , op. cit., vol. 3, chap. 17.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Most Middle Eastern Jews spoke Aramaic before they adopted Arabic, but only in the mountains of Kurdistan and Armenia did Jews retain the Aramaic dialect, Goitein, , op. cit., chap. 7.Google Scholar

¹⁸ A number of Middle Eastern Jewish communities developed Judeo-Arabic vernaculars, but they contained far less Hebrew than Yiddish, the language of the Ashkenazi European Jews. Another difference was that Yiddish, a fusion of medieval German and Hebrew, was transplanted from Germany and preserved in an area, eastern Europe, entirely foreign to it.

¹⁹ Goitein, op. cit. Chouraqui, op. cit., chap. 6. Voinot, L., Pélérinages judeo-musulmans du Maroc, Paris, 1948.Google Scholar

²⁰ Chouraqui, , op. cit.Google Scholar, Goitein, , op. cit.Google Scholar

²¹ Slouschz, Nahum, Travels in North Africa, Philadelphia, 1927.Google Scholar

²² Goitein, , op. cit.Google Scholar

²³ Goitein, S. D., ‘Jewish Education in Yemen as an Archetype of Traditional Jewish Education’ in Frankenstein, (ed.), Between Past and Future, Jerusalem, 1953.Google Scholar

²⁴ Feitelson, Dina, ‘Aspects of the Social Life of Kurdish Jews’, Jewish Journal of Sociology, 1 (1959), 201–16.Google Scholar

²⁵ Briggs, L. C. & Guele, N. L., No More for Ever: A Saharan Jewish Town, Cambridge, Mass., 1964.Google Scholar

²⁶ White, W. C., Chinese Jews: A Compilation of Matters Relating to the Jews of Kaifeng Fu, 3 vols. (Toronto, 1942Google Scholar). Leslie, , op. cit.Google Scholar

²⁷ Mandelbaum, , op. cit.Google Scholar, Strizower, , Exotic Jewish Communities, op. cit.Google Scholar

²⁸ Strizower, , The Children of Israel, op. cit.Google Scholar

²⁹ Zimmels, H. J., Ashkenazim and Sephardim (London, 1958), pt. 2, chap. 7.Google Scholar

³⁰ Katz, Jacob, Tradition and Crisis: Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Ages, New York, 1961.Google ScholarZborowski, Mark and Herzog, Elizabeth, Life is with People: the Culture of the Shtetl, New York, 1962.Google Scholar

³¹ Trachtenberg, Joshua, Jewish Magic and Superstition, Philadelphia, 1961.Google Scholar

³² Zimmels, , op. clt., pt. 2, chaps. 7, 10.Google Scholar

³³ Coulborn, Rushton, ‘The State and Religion: Iran, India and China’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 1 (1958–1959), 44–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴ Weber, Max, The Religion of China (New York, 1964), 213–14.Google Scholar

³⁵ Balazs, Etienne, Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy, New Haven, 1964, 22.Google Scholar

³⁶ White, , op. cit.Google ScholarLeslie, , op. cit.Google Scholar

³⁷ Balazs, , op. cit., 41–2, 70–8.Google Scholar

³⁸ Weber, Max, The Religion of India, New York, 1958, 9–29.Google Scholar

³⁹ Srinivas, M. N., Religion and Society Among the Coorgs of South India (Oxford, 1952), 31–2.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Coulborn, , op. cit.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Bendix, Reinhard, Nation-Building and Citizenship (New York, 1969), 257–75.Google Scholar

⁴² Von-Grunebaun, Gustave E., Medieval Islam, Chicago, 1946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarWatt, W. Montgomery, Islam and the Integration of Society, London, 1961.CrossRefGoogle ScholarLevy, Reuben, The Social Structure of Islam, Cambridge, 1957.Google Scholar

⁴³ Baron, , op. cit., vol. 3, chap. 18.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Goitein, , Jews and Arabs, op. cit., chap. 5.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Baron, , op. cit.Google ScholarChouraqui, , op. cit., chap. 5.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Goitein, , op. cit.Google Scholar Section on ‘Yemen’ in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem, 1971.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Goitein, , op. cit., chap. 6.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Hirschberg, H. Z., ‘The Jewish Quarter in Muslim Cities and Berber Areas’, Judaism, 17 (1968), 405–21.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Cahnman, Werner J., ‘Religion and Nationality’, American Journal of Sociology, XLIX (1944), 524–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁰ Feitelson, , op. cit.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Briggs, and Guele, , op. cit.Google Scholar

⁵² Baron, , op. cit., vol. 4, chap. 20, vol. 9, chap. 37.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid., vol. 4., chap. 21, vol. 10, chap. 49. Foliakov, Leon, The History of Anti-Semitism: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, London, 1965.Google ScholarTrachtenberg, Joshua, The Devil and the Jews, New York, 1961.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Baron, , op. cit., vol. 4, chap. 20, vol. 9, chaps. 37, 38, vol. 11, chap. 48.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Ibid., vol. 9, chaps, 40, 41, vol. 11, chap. 47.

⁵⁶ Ibid., vol. 10, chap. 43, vol. 11, chap. 50.

⁵⁷ Ibid., vol. 6, chap. 22, vol. 12, chaps. 51, 52, 53.

⁵⁸ Ibid., vol. 10, chap. 24.

⁵⁹ Zborowski, and Herzog, , op. cit.Google ScholarBaron, S. W., The Russian Jews Under the Tsars and the Soviets, New York, 1964.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Katz, , op. cit.Google Scholar, chap. 13.Dublow, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Phila delphia, 1920.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Baron, , Social and Religious History, op. cit., vol. 3, chap. 16, vol. 4, chap. 20, vol. 10, chap. 44, vol. 11, chap. 50, vol. 13, chaps. 55, 56.Google Scholar

⁶² Baer, Yitzhah, A History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Philadelphia, 1961.Google Scholar

⁶³ Zimmels, , op. cit., pt. 2, chap. 8.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Ibid., pt. 2, chaps. 9, 10.