Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:19:10.431Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Understanding the Genetic Basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Humberto Nicolini ,
Carlos Cruz ,
Beatriz Camarena ,
Francisco Páez  and
Juan Ramón De La Fuente
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Genetic study holds potential for understanding the etiology of a number of serious psychiatric disorders. In the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), many investigators agree that there is a strong genetic component to its development. In this article, we review the scientific evidence gleaned from different types of studies that has led to a better understanding of the nature of the inherited factors in OCD.

Type
Feature Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 4 , Issue 5: Molecular Genetics: Part One , May 1999 , pp. 32-34,47 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Karno, M, Golding, JM, Sorenson, SB, Burnam, MA. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five U.S. communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1084–1099.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Weissman, MM, Bland, RC, Canino, GJ, et al.The cross national epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;53(suppl 3):5–10.Google Scholar
3.Nelson, E, Rice, J. Stability of diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the epidemiologic catchment area study. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:826–831.Google ScholarPubMed
4.Rapoport, JL. The Boy Who Couldn't Stop Washing: The Experience and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. New York, NY: EP Dutton; 1989.Google Scholar
5.Andreasen, NC, Endicott, J, Spitzer, RL, Winokur, G. The family history method using diagnostic criteria: reliability and validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34:1229–1235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Lewis, AJ. Problems of obsessional illness. Proc R Soc Med. 1936;29:325–336.Google ScholarPubMed
7.Brown, FW. Heredity in the psychoneuroses. Proc R Soc Med. 1942;35:785–790.Google ScholarPubMed
8.Rudlin, E. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der zwangskrankheit insbesondere ihrere heridataren Beeziehungen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1953;191:14–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Kringlen, E. Obsession neurotics: a long-term follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 1965;111:709–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Lo, WH. A follow-up study of obsessional neurotics in Hong Kong Chinese. Br J Psychiatry. 1967;113:823–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Rosenberg, CM. Familial aspects of obsessional neurosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1967;113:405–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Rasmussen, SA, Tsuang, MT. Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:317–322.Google ScholarPubMed
13.Pitman, RK, Green, RC, Jenike, MA, Mesulam, MM. Clinical comparison of Tourette's disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144:1166–1171.Google ScholarPubMed
14.McKeon, P, Murray, R. Familial aspects of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:528–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Swedo, SE, Rapoport, JL, Leonard, H, Lenane, M, Cheslow, D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children: clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:335–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Riddle, MA, Scahill, L, King, R, et al.Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: phenomenology and family history. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29:766–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Lenane, MC, Swedo, SE, Leonard, H, Pauls, DL, Sceery, W, Rapoport, JL. Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;3:407–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Black, DW, Noyes, R, Goldstein, R, Blum, N. Family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:362–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Bellodi, L, Sciuto, G, Diaferia, G, Ronchi, P, Smeraldi, E. Psychiatric disorders in the families of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1992;42:111–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Nicolini, H, Weissbecker, K, Mejía, JM, Sánches, M. Family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a Mexican population. Arch Med Res. 1993;24(2):193–198.Google Scholar
21.Black, DW, Goldstein, RB, Noyes, R, Blum, N. Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with obsessive-compulsive disorder and co-morbid major depression or generalized anxiety. Psychiatr Gen. 1995;5:37–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Pauls, DL, Alsobrook, JP, Phil, M, Goodman, W, Rasmusen, S, Leckman, JF. A family study of obssessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:76–84.Google Scholar
23.Nicolini, H, Orozco, B, Mickalonis, L, et al.Etude phénoménologique familiale du trouble obsessionnel compulsif. Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc. 1988;46:164–172.Google Scholar
24.Pauls, DL, Towbin, KE, Leckman, JF, Zahner, GEP, Cohen, DJ. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:1180–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Pauls, DL, Raymond, CL, Stevenson, JM, Leckman, JF. Family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;48:154–163.Google ScholarPubMed
26.Inouye, E. Similar and dissimilar manifestations of obsessive-compulsive neurosis in monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry. 1965;121:1171–1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Carey, G, Gottesman, II. Twin and family studies of anxiety, phobic, and obsessive disorders. In: Klein, DF, Rabkin, JG, eds. Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1981:117–136.Google Scholar
28.Torgersen, S. Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:1085–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Cryan, EM, Butcher, G, Webb, M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and paraphilia in a monozygotic twin pair. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:694–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Clifford, CA, Murray, RM, Fulker, DW. Genetic and environmental influences on obsessional traits and symptoms. Psychol Med. 1984;14:791–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Nicolini, H, Hanna, G, Baxter, L, Schwartz, J, Weisbecker, K, Spence, MA. Segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive and associated disorders: preliminary results. Ursus Medicus Journal. 1991;1:25–28.Google Scholar
32.Cavallini, MC, Macciardi, F, Pasquale, L, Bellodi, L, Smeraldi, E. Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive and spectrum-related disorders. Psychiatr Genet. 1995;5:S31.Google Scholar
33.Alsobrook, JP II, Leckman, JF, Goodman, WK, Rasmussen, SA, Pauls, DL. A Mendelian form of obsessive-compulsive disorder derived from symptom-based factors. Am J Med Genet. In press.Google Scholar
34.Pauls, DL, Leckman, JF. The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors: evidence from an autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:993–997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Weissbecker, KA, Baxter, L, Schwartz, J, Sparkes, RS, Spence, MA. Linkage analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1989;51:1105.Google Scholar
36.Donnai, D. Gene location in Tourette syndrome. Lancet. 1987;14:627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Pakstis, AJ, Heutnik, P, Pauls, DL, et al.Progress in the search for genetic linkage with Tourette's syndrome: an exclusion map covering more than 50% of the autosomal genome. Am J Hum Genet. 1991;48:281–294.Google ScholarPubMed
38.Brett, PM, Curtis, D, Robertson, MM, Gurling, H. Exclusion of the 5-HT1A serotonin neuroreceptor and tryptophan oxygenase genes in a large British kindred multiply affected with Tourette's syndrome, chronic motor tics, and obsessive-compulsive behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:437–440.Google Scholar
39.Pato, CN, Macciardi, F, Pato, MT, Verga, M, Kennedy, JL. Review of the putative association of dopamine D2 receptor and alcoholism: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet. 1993;48:78–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Comings, DE, Chiu, WC, Ring, RH, et al.Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: the additive and subtractive effect of three dopaminergic genes—DRD2, DbetaH and DAT 1. Am J Med Genet. 1996;67:264–288.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Nöthen, MM, Hebebrand, J, Knapp, M, et al.Association analysis of the dopamine D2 receptor in Tourette's syndrome using the haplotype relative risk method. Am J Med Genet. 1994;54:249–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Nicolini, H, Cruz, C, Camarena, B, et al.DRD2, DRD3, and 5-HT2A receptor genes polymorphisms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1996;1:461–465.Google ScholarPubMed
43.Billet, EA, Richter, MA, Swinson, RP, et al.Investigation of dopamine system genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997;2(5):403–406.Google Scholar
44.Novelli, E, Nobile, M, Diaferia, G, Sciuto, G, Catalano, M. A molecular investigation suggests no relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and the dopamine D2 receptor. Neuropsychobiology. 1994;29:61–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Catalano, M, Sciuto, G, DiBella, D, Novelli, D, Nobile, M, Bellodi, L. Lack of association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and the dopamine D3 receptor gene: some preliminary considerations. Am J Med Genet. 1994;54:253–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Ebstein, R, Novick, O, Umansky, R, et al.Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait novelty seeking. Nat Genet. 1996;12:78–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.DiBella, D, Catalano, M, Cichin, S, Nöthen, MM. Association study of a null mutation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene in Italian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar mood disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet. 1996;6:119–121.Google Scholar
48.Cruz, C, Camarena, B, King, N, et al.Increased prevalence of the seven-repeat variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with tics. Neurosci Lett. 1997;231:1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Karayiorgou, M, Altemus, M, Galke, BL, et al.Genotype determining low catechol-O-methyltransferase activity as a risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(9):4572–4575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Camarena, B, Cruz, C, De La Fuente, JR, Nicolini, H. A higher frequency of a low activity-related allele of the MAO-A gene in females with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 1998;8(4):225–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Ohara, K, Nagai, M, Suzuki, Y, Ochiai, M, Ohara, K. No association between anxiety disorders and catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatry Res. 1998;80:145–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.McDougle, CJ, Epperson, CN, Price, LH, Gelernter, J. Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1998;3:270–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed