Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T23:50:19.686Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Gilles de la Tourette's Disease to Tourette Syndrome: A History

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Howard I. Kushner
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Over the past century researchers have attributed the symptoms that today are labeled as Tourette syndrome to various etiologies. Although most investigators have accepted Gilles de la Tourette's initial description of a symptom complex of tics and involuntary vocalizations, most have rejected his claim that “tic disease” resulted from hereditary degeneration. Subsequent investigators have offered an array of contradictory etiological explanations including viewing these symptoms as a subset of choreas, a result of insufficient inhibition, a failure to control infantile habits, a sequel to encephalitis and other infections, or the result of unconscious psychosexual childhood conflict. With the advent of effective pharmacologic treatments in the 1960s, psychiatrists, often urged on by the parents of afflicted children, began to insist that the disorder resulted from organic factors, most likely connected to transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine and signaling in the basal ganglia. Since the 1970s, research has focused on a variety of possible organic substrates, but disputes over which symptoms to include in the syndrome's phenotype continue to constrain efforts to locate its etiology.

Type
Feature Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 4 , Issue 2: Tourette Syndrome: Part One , February 1999 , pp. 24 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Gilles de la Tourette, G. Étude sur une affection nerveuse caractérisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'éholalie et de coprolalie (jumping, latah, and myriachit). Archives de Neurologie 1885;9:19–42,158–200.Google Scholar
2.Charcot, J-M. Charcot the Clinician: The Tuesday Lessons, Excerpts from Nine Case Presentations on General Neurology Delivered at the Salpêtriére Hospital in 1887-1888. C, Goetz, trans, and commentary. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:56,60.Google Scholar
3.Gilles de la Tourette, G. Les <Sauteurs> du Maine (Etats-Unis) pr G, Beard, trans. Archives de Neurologie. 1881;5:146–150.Google Scholar
4.Gilles de la Tourette, G. Jumping, latah, myriachit. Archives de Neurologie. 1884;8:68–84.Google Scholar
5.Lajonchere, C, Nortz, M, Finger, S. Gilles de la Tourette and the discovery of Tourette's syndrome (including a translation of his 1884 paper). Arch Neurol. 1996;53:567–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Charcot, J-M. Leçons du Mardi à la Salpêtrière Policliniques, 1887–1888. Notes de Cours de MM. Blin, Charcot, et Colin. Hand-written and printed. Paris, France: Bureaux du Progrès Médical; 1887–1888.Google Scholar
7.Gilles de la Tourette, G. La maladie des tics convulsifs. La Semaine Médical. 1899;19:153–156.Google Scholar
8.Ribot, T. Les Maladies de la Volonté. Paris, France: Félix Alcan; 1883.Google Scholar
9.Dowbiggin, IR. Inheriting Madness: Professionalization and Psychiatric Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century France. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1991:1–10,116–143.Google Scholar
10.Itard, JMG. Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension et de la voix. Archives Générales de Médecine. 1825;8:385–407.Google Scholar
11.Kushner, HI. Medical fictions: the case of the cursing marquise and the (re)construction of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1995;69:224–254.Google Scholar
12.Guinon, G. Sur la maladie des tics convulsifs. Revue de Médecine. 1886;6:50–80.Google Scholar
13.Guinon, G. Tics convulsifs et hystérie. Revue de Médecine. 1887;7:509–519.Google Scholar
14.Brissaud, E. La chorée variable des dégénérés. Revue Neurologique. 1896;4:417–431.Google Scholar
15.Kushner, HI. Freud and the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's illness. History of Psychiatry. 1998;8:1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Charcot, J-M. Des tics et des tiqueurs. La Tribune Médicale. 1888;19:571–573.Google Scholar
17.Catrou, J. Étude sur la maladie des tics convulsifs (jumping—latah—myriachit). [Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine.] Paris, France: Faculté de Médedice de Paris, Henri Jouve; 1890.Google Scholar
18.Kushner, HI, Kiessling, LS. The controversy over the classification of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, 1800-1995. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 1996;39:409–435.Google Scholar
19.Cooke, HP. The relation of chorea to rheumatism. Transactions of the Texas State Medical Association. 1892;146–153.Google Scholar
20.Vaughan, GT. Case of chorea, due probably to rheumatism and endocarditis. Virginia Medical Monthly. 1882;9:669.Google Scholar
21.Leredde, E. Note sur un cas d'endocardite choréique d'origine microbienne probable. Revue Mensuelle des Maladies de L'Enfance. 1891;9:217–220.Google Scholar
22.Massalongo, R. Chorée chez deux cardiques. Revue Neurologique. 1895;3:610–615.Google Scholar
23.Meige, H, Feindel, E. Les Tics et leur Traitement. Paris, France: Masson; 1902.Google Scholar
24.Meige, H, Feindel, E. Tics and their Treatment. Wilson, Trans, and ed. S. A. K., New York, NY: William Wood and C; 1907.Google Scholar
25.Ferenczi, S. Psycho-analytical observations on tic. Int J Psychoanal. 1921;2:1–30.Google Scholar
26.Wilson, JC. A case of tic convulsif. Archives of Pediatrics. 1897;14:881–887.Google Scholar
27.Lerch, O. Convulsive tics. American Medicine. 1901;694–695.Google Scholar
28.Straus, E. Über die organische natur der tics und der koprolalie. Zentralblatt für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1927;47:698–699.Google Scholar
29.Selling, L. The role of infection in the etiology of tics. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. 1929;22:1163–1171.Google Scholar
30.Hassin, GB, Stenn, A, Burstein, JJ. Stereotyped acts or attitude tics? A case with a peculiar anomaly of gait. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1930;71:27–32.Google Scholar
31.Saussure, Rde. Discussion sur l'étiologie d'un tic survenu quinze mois après une encéphalite léthargique atypique. Schwizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 1923;12:294–317.Google Scholar
32.Blatz, WE, Ringland, MC. A Study of Tics in Pre-School Children. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press; 1935.Google Scholar
33.DeWulf, A, van Bogaert, L. Études anatomo-cliniques de syndrômes hypercinétiques complexes. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie. 1941;104:53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Boenheim, C. Über den tic im kindesalter. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1930;9:2005–2011.Google Scholar
35.English, OS, Pearson, GHJ. Common Neuroses of Children and Adults. New York, NY: Norton; 1937:30–138.Google Scholar
36.Mahler, MS, Rangell, L. A psychosomatic study of maladie des tics (Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome). Psychiatr Q. 1943;17:579–603.Google Scholar
37.Mahler, MS, Luke, JA, Daltroff, W. Clinical and follow up study of the tic syndrome in children. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1945;15:631–647.Google Scholar
38.Michael, RP. Treatment of a case of compulsive swearing. Br Med J. 1957;1:1506–1508.Google Scholar
39.Heuscher, JE. Intermediate state of consciousness in patients with generalized tics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1953;117:29–38.Google Scholar
40.Eisenberg, L, Ascher, E, Kanner, L. A clinical study of Gilles de la Tourette's disease (maladie des tics) in children. Am J Psychiatry. 1959;115:715–723.Google Scholar
41.Challas, G, Brauer, W. Tourette's disease: relief of symptoms with r.1625. Am J Psychiatry. 1963;120:283–284.Google Scholar
42.Chapel, JL, Brown, N, Jenkins, RL. Tourette's disease: symptomatic relief with haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry. 1964;121:608–610.Google Scholar
43.Kelman, DH. Gilles de la Tourette's disease in children: a review of the literature. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1965;6:219–226.Google Scholar
44.Stevens, JR, Blachly, PH. Successful treatment of the maladie des tics, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. American Journal of Diseases in Children. 1966;112:541–545.Google Scholar
45.Challas, G, Chapel, J, Jenkins, RL. Tourette's disease: control of symptoms and its clinical course. Int J Neuropsychiatry. 1967;3:95–109.Google Scholar
46.Chapel, JL. Gilles de la Tourette's disease, the past and the present. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. 1966;1:324–329.Google Scholar
47.Corbin, KB, Field, JR, Goldstein, NP. Klass, DW. Further observations on Tourette's syndrome. Proceedings of the Australian Association of Neurologists. 1968;5:447–453.Google Scholar
48.Fernando, SJM. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1967;113:607–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, E. Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with haloperidol. Br J Psychiatry. 1968;114:345–350.Google Scholar
50.Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, ES, Bruun, RD. Sweet, RD. Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1978:1–9.Google Scholar
51.Kushner, HI. A Cursing Brain?: The Histories of Tourette Syndrome. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1999.Google Scholar
52.Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, ES, Wayne, H. Treatment of Tourette syndrome with haloperidol, review of 34 cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28:92–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Shapiro, ES, Shapiro, AK, Sweet, RD, Bruun, RD. The diagnosis, etiology and treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. In: Sankar, DVS, ed. Mental Health in Children, Volume I: Genetics, Family and Community Studies. Westbury, NY: PJD Publication; 1975;167–173.Google Scholar
54.Shapiro, AK, Shapiro, ES. Tic Syndrome and Other Movement Disorders: A Pediatricians Guide. Pamphlet produced for the Tourette Syndrome Association and funded by the Laura B. Vogler Foundation, Inc., Bayside, NY: 1980.Google Scholar
55.Wertheim, J. A 10th anniversary message. Who we are, how we help. TSA Newsletter. 1982;9(2):1–2.Google Scholar
56.Shapiro, AK. Remarks at the tenth anniversary membership meeting of the Tourette Syndrome Association; May 22 1982; Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY Reprinted in TSA Newsletter. 1982;9(3):1–2.Google Scholar
57.Levi-Pearl, S. The Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. Handbook of Tourette's Syndrome and Related Tic Disorders. Kurlan, R, ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker;1993:515–521.Google Scholar
58.Comings, DE. Search for the Tourette Syndrome and Human Behavior Genes. Duarte, Calif: Hope Press; 1996.Google Scholar
59.Pauls, DL, Leckman, JF. The inheritance of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and associated behaviors: evidence for autosomal dominant transmission. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:993–997.Google Scholar
60.Taranta, A, Stollerman, GH. Relationship of Sydenham's chorea to infection with group A streptococci. Am J Med. 1956;20:170–175.Google Scholar
61.Husby, G, Van de Rijn, I, Zabriskie, JB, et al.Antibodies reacting with cytoplasm of subthalamic and caudate nuclei neurons in chorea and rheumatic fever. J Exp Med. 1976;10:1094–1110.Google Scholar
62.Swedo, SE. Sydemhan's chorea: a model for childhood autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1994;272:1788–1791.Google Scholar
63.Kiessling, LS, Marcotte, AC, Benson, M, Kuhn, C, Wrenn, D. Relationship between GABHS and childhood movement disorders. Pediatr Res. 1993;33: [abstract.]Google Scholar
64.Swedo, SE, Leonard, HL, Kiessling, LS. Speculations on antineuronal antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Pediatrics. 1994;93:323–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Swedo, SE, Leonard, HL, Mittleman, BB, et al.Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:110–112.Google Scholar
66.Allen, AJ, Leonard, HL, Swedo, SE. Case study: a new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of pediatric OCD and Tourette's syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:307–311.Google Scholar
67.Leckman, JF, Peterson, BS, Anderson, GM, Arnsten, AMFT, Pauls, DL, Cohen, DJ. Pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:119–142.Google Scholar
68.Kurlan, R. Future direction of research in Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin. 1997;15:451–456.Google Scholar