Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-jbqgn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T00:33:50.195Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transmission and Analytical Electron Microscopic Study of Mixed-Layer Illite/Smectite Formed as an Apparent Replacement Product of Diagenetic Illite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Wei-Teh Jiang ,
Donald R. Peacor ,
R. J. Merriman  and
B. Roberts
Wei-Teh Jiang
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Donald R. Peacor
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
R. J. Merriman
Affiliation:
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom
B. Roberts
Affiliation:
Geology Department, Birkbeck College, 7-15, Gresse Street, London W1P 1PA, United Kingdom
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ordered illite/smectite (I/S) and illite in a pelitic rock from a prograde metamorphic sequence in North Wales were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The dominant phyllosilicate noted was diagenetic-metamorphic illite, occurring as subparallel packets of layers, each about a few hundred Ångstroms thick. It exhibited two-layer polytypism (presumably 2M1) and numerous strain features and had a composition of (K1.21Na0.12)(Al3.36Fe0.31Mg0.33)(Si6.28Al1.72)O20(OH)4.

I/S occurred as thick packets of wavy layers having 10-Å subperiodicity and sharp differences in contrast in successive lattice fringes. All stages in a replacement series were noted, from one or two layers of smectite within illite, through thin packets of I/S, to thick packets that contained inherited deformation textures of diagenetic-metamorphic illite. Deformed illite was replaced by I/S more commonly than was undeformed illite. The I/S replacing undeformed original illite had significantly greater order, primarily of R1 type (ISISIS…), than that replacing deformed illite. R> 1 I/S occurred as small crystallites and contained relatively less smectite than the ordered I/S, Single smectite layers were spaced within several illite layers, forming curved packets of layers. IISIIS… (R2) and IIISIIIS… (R3) ordering were present locally, as was discrete smectite. Analytical electron microscopic analyses indicated that the I/S, (K0.46Na0.43)(Al3.75Fe0.06Mg0.19)(Si6.26Al1.74)O20(OH)4, was rectorite-like in composition and had smaller (Mg + Fe) contents and greater Al/Si ratios than the coexisting illite, which was also anomalous in terms of general crystal-chemical relationships between coexisting illite and I/S in burial diagenesis environments. The I/S appears to have formed by replacement of diagenetic-metamorphic illite, presumably at very low temperatures under hydrous conditions via dissolution and crystallization.

Keywords

Analytical electron microscopyDiagenesisIlliteIllite/smectiteMixed layerSmectiteTransmission electron microscopy
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 38 , Issue 5 , October 1990 , pp. 449 - 468
Copyright
Copyright © 1990, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Contribution No. 471 from the Mineralogical Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.

References

Ahn, J. H. and Buseck, P. R., 1990 Layer-stacking sequences and structural disorder in mixed-layer illite/smectite: Image simulations and HRTEM imaging Amer. Mineral. 75 267 – 275.Google Scholar
Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1985 Transmission electron microscopic study of diagenetic chlorite in Gulf Coast argillaceous sediments Clays & Clay Minerals 33 228 – 236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1986 Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition Clays & Clay Minerals 34 165 – 179.Google Scholar
Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1986 Transmission electron microscope data for rectorite: Implications for the origin and structure of “fundamental particles” Clays & Clay Minerals 34 180 – 186.Google Scholar
Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1987 Kaolinitization of bio-tite: TEM data and implications for an alteration mechanism Amer. Mineral. 72 353 – 356.Google Scholar
Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1989 Mixed-layer illite/smectite from Gulf Coast shales: A reappraisal of transmission electron microscope images Clays & Clay Minerals 37 542 – 546.Google Scholar
Banfield, J. F. and Eggleton, R. A., 1988 Transmission electron microscope study of biotite weathering Clays & Clay Minerals 36 47 – 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, S. M. and Peacor, D. R., 1988 TEM observation of polytypism in illite Prog. Abstracts, 25th Annual Meeting, The Clay Minerals Society, Grand Rapids, Michigan 74.Google Scholar
Beaufort, D. and Meunier, A., 1983 Pétrographie characterization of an argillic hydrothermal alteration containing illite, K-rectorite, K-beidellite, kaolinite and carbonates in a cupromolybdenic porphyry at Sibert (Rhone, France) Bull. Mineral. 106 535 – 551.Google Scholar
Bell, T. E., 1986 Microstructure in mixed-layer illite/smec-tite and its relationship to the reaction of smectite to illite Clays & Clay Minerals 34 146 – 154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boles, J. R. and Franks, S. G., 1979 Clay diagenesis in Wilcox sandstones of southwest Texas: Implications of smectite diagenesis on sandstone cementation J. Sediment. Petrol. 49 55 – 70.Google Scholar
Brown, G., 1984 Crystal structures of clay minerals and related phyllosilicates Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. A311 221 – 240.Google Scholar
Brown, G., Brindley, G. W., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1984 X-ray dim-action procedures for clay mineral identification Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 305 – 360.Google Scholar
Brown, G., Weir, A. H., Rosenquist, I. Th. and GrafF-Petersen, P., 1963 The identity of rectorite and allevardite Proc. Int. Clay Conf. Stockholm, 1963, Vol. 1 Oxford Pergamon Press 27 – 35.Google Scholar
Churchman, G. J., 1980 Clay minerals formed from micas and chlorites in some New Zealand soils Clay Miner. 15 59 – 76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, W. F., 1966 A study of long-spacing mica-like mineral Clay Miner. 6 261 – 281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunoyer de Segonzac, G., 1970 The transformation of clay minerals during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism: A review Sedimentology 15 281 – 346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foscolos, A. E. and Kodama, H., 1974 Diagenesis of clay minerals from lower Cretaceous shales of northeastern British Columbia Clays & Clay Minerals 22 319 – 335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, M., 1970 The step from diagenesis to metamorphism in pelitic rocks during Alpine orogenesis Sedimentology 15 261 – 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, M. and Frey, M., 1987 Very low grade metamorphism of clastic sedimentary rocks Low Temperature Metamorphism New York Chapman and Hall 9 – 58.Google Scholar
Guthrie, G. D. Jr. and Veblen, D. R., 1989 High resolution transmission electron microscopy of mixed-layer illite/smectite: Computer simulations Clays & Clay Minerals 37 1 – 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henin, S., Esquevin, J. and Caillere, S., 1954 Sur la fa-brosite de certains minéraux de nature montmorillonitique Soc. Franc. Bull. Mineral. Crist. 11 491 – 499.Google Scholar
Hower, J. and Bailey, S. W., 1967 Order of mixed-layering in illite/mont-morillonites Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 15th Natl. Conf., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1966 New York Pergamon Press 63 – 74.Google Scholar
Hower, J., Eslinger, E. V., Hower, M. E. and Perry, E. A., 1976 Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments: 1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 87 725 – 737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, W. D., Whiteman, J. H. and Curtis, C. D., 1988 Investigation of a K-bentonite by X-ray powder diffraction and analytical transmission electron microscopy Clays & Clay Minerals 36 83 – 93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iijima, S. and Buseck, P. R., 1978 Experimental study of disordered mica structures by high-resolution electron microscopy Acta Cryslallogr. A34 709 – 719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karpova, G. V., 1969 Clay mineral post-sedimentary ranks in terrigenous rocks Sedimentology 13 5 – 20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kisch, H. J., Larsen, G. and Chilingar, G. V., 1983 Mineralogy and petrology of burial diagenesis (burial metamorphism) and incipient metamorphism in clastic rocks Diagenesis in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 2 Amsterdam Elsevier 289 – 493.Google Scholar
Klimentidis, R. E. and Mackinnon, D. R., 1986 High-resolution imaging of ordered mixed-layer clays Clays & Clay Minerals 34 155 – 164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kodama, H., 1966 The nature of the component layers of rectorite Amer. Mineral. 51 1035 – 1055.Google Scholar
Kubler, B., 1968 Evaluation quantitative du métamorphisme par la cristallinite de l’illite Bull. Centre Rech. Pau-SNPA 2 385 – 397.Google Scholar
Lee, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1986 Expansion of smectite by laurylamine hydrochloride: Ambiguities in transmission electron microscope observations Clay & Clay Minerals 34 69 – 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. H., Peacor, D. R., Lewis, D. D. and Wintsch, R. P., 1984 Chlorite-illlite/muscovite interlayered and inter-stratified crystals: A TEM/STEM study Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 88 372 – 385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, J. H., Peacor, D. R., Lewis, D. D. and Wintsch, R. P., 1986 Evidence for syntectonic crystallization for the mudstone to slate transition at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. J. Structural Geol. 8 767 – 780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorimer, G. W., Cliff, G. and Wenk, H. R., 1976 Analytical electron microscopy of minerals Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy New York Springer-Verlag 506 – 519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKee, T. R., Buseck, P. R. and Sturgess, J. M., 1978 HRTEM observation of stacking and ordered interstratification in rectorite Electron Microscopy 1978, Vol. 1 Toronto, Canada Microscopical Society of Canada 272 – 273.Google Scholar
Merriman, R. J. and Roberts, B., 1985 A survey of white mica crystallinity and polytypes in pelitic rocks of Snow-donia and Llyn, North Wales Mineral. Mag. 49 305 – 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriman, R. J., Roberts, B. and Peacor, D. R., 1990 A transition electron microscope study of white mica crystallite size distribution in a mudstone-to-slate transitional sequence, North Wales, U.K. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Tait, J. M., McHardy, W. J. and Wilson, M. J., 1984 Interstratified XRD characteristics of physical mixtures of elementary clay particles Clay Miner. 19 67 – 76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Wilson, M. J., McHardy, W. J. and Tait, J. M., 1984 Interparticle diffraction: A new concept for interstratified clays Clay Miner. 19 757 – 769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A. C. D. Brown, G. and Newman, A. C. D., 1987 The chemical constitution of clays Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals London Mineralogical Society 1 – 129.Google Scholar
Nishiyama, T. and Shimoda, S., 1981 Ca-bearing rectorite from Tooho mine, Japan Clays & Clay Minerals 29 236 – 240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pevear, D. R., Williams, V. E. and Mustoe, G. E., 1980 Kaolinite, smectite and K-rectorite in bentonites: Relation to coal rank at Tulameen, British Columbia Clays & Clay Minerals 28 241 – 254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rateyev, M. A., Gradusov, B. P. and Kheirov, M. B., 1969 Potassium rectorite from the Upper Carboniferous of the Samarskaya Luka (Samara Bend of the Volga) Dokl. Akad. NaukS.S.S.R. 185 116 – 119.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. Jr., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1984 Interstratified clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 249 – 303.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. Jr. and Hower, J., 1970 The nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite/montmorillonite Clays & Clay Minerals 18 25 – 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rimmer, S. M. and Eberl, D. D., 1982 Origin of an un-derclay as revealed by vertical variations in mineralogy and chemistry Clays & Clay Minerals 30 422 – 430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, B., 1979 The Geology of Snowdonia and Llyn United Kingdom Adam Hilger Ltd, Bristol.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. and Merriman, R. J., 1985 The distinction between Caledonian burial and regional metamorphism in metapelites from North Wales: An analysis of isocryst patterns J. Geol. Soc. London 142 615 – 624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J., 1984 X-ray powder diffraction identification of illitic materials Clays & Clay Minerals 32 337 – 349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Środoń, J., Eberl, D. D. and Bailey, S. W., 1984 mite Micas, Reviews in Mineralogy, Volume 13 Washington, D.C. Mineralogical Society of America 495 – 544.Google Scholar
Tomita, K., 1974 Similarities of rehydration and rehy-droxylation properties of rectorite and 2M clay micas Clays & Clay Minerals 22 79 – 85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomita, K., 1977 Experimental transformation of 2Msericite into a rectorite-type mixed-layer mineral by treatment with various salts Clays & Clay Minerals 25 302 – 308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomita, K., 1978 Experimental transformation of 2M sericite into a rectorite-type mixed-layer mineral by treatment with various salts. II. Experiments using a magnetic stirrer and a centrifuge Clays & Clay Minerals 26 209 – 216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomita, K. and Sudo, T., 1968 Interstratified structure formed from a pre-heated mica by acid treatments Nature 217 1043 – 1044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vali, H. and Koster, H. M., 1986 Expanding behavior, structural disorder, regular and random irregular interstrati-fication of 2:1 layer-silicates studied by high-resolution images of transmission electron microscopy Clay Miner. 21 827 – 859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Pluijm, B. A., Lee, J. H. and Peacor, D. R., 1988 Analytical electron microscopy and the problem of potassium diffusion Clays & Clay Minerals 36 498 – 504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veblen, D. R. and Ferry, J. M., 1983 A TEM study of the biotite-chlorite reaction and comparison with petrologie observations Amer. Mineral. 68 1160 – 1168.Google Scholar
Veblen, D. R., Guthrie, G. D. Jr. Livi, K. J. T. and Reynolds, R. C. Jr., 1990 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction of mixed-layer illite/smectite: Experimental results Clays & Clay Minerals 38 1 – 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velde, B., 1965 Experimental determination of muscovite polymorph stabilities Amer. Mineral. 50 436 – 449.Google Scholar
Velde, B. and Velde, B., 1985 Clay mineral names and structure Clay Minerals: A Physico-chemical Explanation of their Occurrence New York Elsevier 7 – 17.Google Scholar
Velde, B. and Velde, B., 1985 Mixed layered minerals in sequences of burial rocks (P-T space) Clay Minerals: A Physico-chemical Explanation of their Occurrence New York Elsevier 334 – 359.Google Scholar
Watts, N. L., 1980 Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from the Khalahari (southern Africa): Mineralogy, genesis and diagenesis Sedimentology 27 661 – 686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C. E. and Broekstra, B. R., 1984 Illite-mica Shale-Slate Metamorphism in Southern Appalachians, C. New York E. Weaver and Associates, Elsevier 67 – 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. J., Nadeau, P. H. and Drever, J. I., 1985 Interstratified clay minerals and weathering processes The Chemistry of Weathering The Netherlands Reidei, Dordrecht 97 – 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yau, Y. C., Anovitz, L. M., Essene, E. J. and Peacor, D. R., 1984 Phlogopite-chlorite reaction mechanisms and physical conditions during retrograde reactions in the Marble Formation, Franklin, New Jersey Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 88 299 – 306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yau, Y. C., Peacor, D. R. and McDowell, S. D., 1987 Smectite-to-illite reactions in Salton Sea shales: A transmission and analytical electron microscopy study J. Sediment. Petrol. 57 335 – 342.Google Scholar
Yoder, H. S. and Swineford, A., 1959 Experimental studies on micas: A synthesis Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 6th Natl. Conf, Berkeley, California, 1957 New York Pergamon Press 42 – 60.Google Scholar
Yoder, H. S. and Eugster, H. P., 1955 Synthetic and natural muscovite Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 8 225 – 280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar