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Differentiating Styles of Alteration within Kaolin-Alunite Hydrothermal Deposits of Çanakkale, NW Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Hatice Ünal Ercan ,
Ö. Işik Ece ,
Paul A. Schroeder  and
Zekiye Karacik
Hatice Ünal Ercan
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geological Engineering, Selçuk University, Selçuklu, 42250 Konya, Turkey
Ö. Işik Ece*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Paul A. Schroeder
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Zekiye Karacik
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: ece@itu.edu.tr
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Abstract

The Biga Peninsula of NW Turkey is host to many kaolin and halloysite deposits with mineralization occurring at the intersections of fault zones in contact with Late Eocene-Miocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. Distinguishing between the relative overprinting of hypogene by supergene processes in these deposits is a challenge and important because they affect the physical-chemical properties of minerals and their potential for industrial applications. This study examines the Sarıbeyli-Sığırlı and Bodurlar kaolin deposits in NW Turkey, which were formed from similar volcanics as evidenced by 40Ar/39Ar. Late Eocene (34.2 ± 0.20 Ma) to Early Oligocene (32.7 ± 0.17 Ma) ages for both primary volcanic rocks and alunites are consistent with surrounding rocks in the Çanakkale region. Criteria used to distinguish hypogene alteration from supergene alteration processes come from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), and elemental analyses. Isotopic δ18O depletion and δD enrichment of the Sarıbeyli-Sığırlı deposit suggests that it was more influenced by magmatic waters than was the Bodurlar deposit. The Bodurlar deposit contains a paucity of dickite compared to the Sarıbeyli-Sığırlı deposit, which is evidenced by lower TGA endotherms, higher ratios of XRD intensities for reflections at 1.316 Å and 1.307 Å, distinctive FTIR absorbance bands at 3620 cm− 1 and 3652 cm−1, and relative Raman intensities of the γ1 and γ5 vibrational modes.

A genetic model is proposed whereby these deposits are mainly formed through an acid-sulfate hydrothermal alteration, in what appears to be a volcanic-hydrothermal system. The extent of hydrothermal alteration was controlled by fault density and the initial texture of the volcanic rocks. These steam-heated environments included sulfide-enriched vapors and groundwater mixed to varying degrees in the vadose zone. The Sarıbeyli-Sığrlı and Bodurlar deposits, respectively, contain mineral assemblages that reflect both hypogene (kaolinite, alunite, dickite) and supergene (kaolinite, halloysite, jarosite) processes. These observations offer a basis for comparing and discriminating the relative influence of these two important alteration processes responsible for the formation of kaolin deposits in NW Turkey and around the world.

Keywords

AlterationsAluniteAr-Ar datingÇanakkaleHalloysiteHydrothermalHypogeneSupergeneKaoliniteO, H, and S isotopesTurkey
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 64 , Issue 3 , June 2016 , pp. 245 - 274
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2016

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